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Seller: anddownthewaterfall ✉️ (34,109) 99.8%, Location: Greater Manchester. Pleaselookatmyotheritems, GB, Ships to: WORLDWIDE, Item: 364933188671 Kate Middleton Prince William Royal Wedding Silver Coin Family 2011 Catherine UK. Royal Wedding Prince William & Kate Coin inside Presentation Pack This is a Cupro Nickel Coin inside a Royal Wedding Presentation Pack Only 250,000 were issued Worldwide 2011 Royal Wedding William and Kate £5 Brilliant Uncirculated Coin Pack UPC: 5026177251040 Manufacturer: Royal Mint Issuing Country: United Kingdom Year: 2011 Monarch: Elizabeth II (1953 - 2022) Collections: William and Kate Series / Ranges: Royal Wedding Denomination: £5 Metal: Base Metal Weight: 28.28 Grams Diameter: 38.61mm Quality: Brilliant Uncirculated Issue Limit: 250,000 Worldwide Presentation: Presentation Pack In 2011, to celebrate the Royal Wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton, the Royal Mint released a Limited Issue Brilliant Uncirculated Royal Wedding £5 Five Pound Coin Pack. The reverse design depicts a portrait of both William and Kate while the obverse features the portrait of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II by Ian Rank Broadley. Limited Mintage of 250,000 Worldwide Struck to Brilliant Uncirculated Standard, a Finer Standard than Circulating Coins Celebrating the Royal Wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton Royal Mint Presentation Pack Would make an Magnificent Gift for any who likes the Royal Family or a Keepsake to remember an amazing day I have a lot of Royal Family items on Ebay so Please Check out my other items ! Bid with Confidence - Check My Almost 100% Positive Feedback from over 28,000 satisfied customers I have over 10 years of ebay selling experience Check out my other items ! All Payment Methods in All Major Currencies Accepted. Be sure to add me to your favourites list ! All Items Dispatched within 24 hours of Receiving Payment . Thanks for Looking and Best of Luck with the Bidding!! I have sold items to coutries such as Afghanistan * Albania * Algeria * American Samoa (US) * Andorra * Angola * Anguilla (GB) * Antigua and Barbuda * Argentina * Armenia * Aruba (NL) * Australia * Austria * Azerbaijan * Bahamas * Bahrain * Bangladesh * Barbados * Belarus * Belgium * Belize * Benin * Bermuda (GB) * Bhutan * Bolivia * Bonaire (NL) * Bosnia and Herzegovina * Botswana * Bouvet Island (NO) * Brazil * British Indian Ocean Territory (GB) * British Virgin Islands (GB) * Brunei * Bulgaria * Burkina Faso * Burundi * Cambodia * Cameroon * Canada * Cape Verde * Cayman Islands (GB) * Central African Republic * Chad * Chile * China * Christmas Island (AU) * Cocos Islands (AU) * Colombia * Comoros * Congo * Democratic Republic of the Congo * Cook Islands (NZ) * Coral Sea Islands Territory (AU) * Costa Rica * Croatia * Cuba * Curaçao (NL) * Cyprus * Czech Republic * Denmark * Djibouti * Dominica * Dominican Republic * East Timor * Ecuador * Egypt * El Salvador * Equatorial Guinea * Eritrea * Estonia * Ethiopia * Falkland Islands (GB) * Faroe Islands (DK) * Fiji Islands * Finland * France * French Guiana (FR) * French Polynesia (FR) * French Southern Lands (FR) * Gabon * Gambia * Georgia * Germany * Ghana * Gibraltar (GB) * Greece * Greenland (DK) * Grenada * Guadeloupe (FR) * Guam (US) * Guatemala * Guernsey (GB) * Guinea * Guinea-Bissau * Guyana * Haiti * Heard and McDonald Islands (AU) * Honduras * Hong Kong (CN) * Hungary * Iceland * India * Indonesia * Iran * Iraq * Ireland * Isle of Man (GB) * Israel * Italy * Ivory Coast * Jamaica * Jan Mayen (NO) * Japan * Jersey (GB) * Jordan * Kazakhstan * Kenya * Kiribati * Kosovo * Kuwait * Kyrgyzstan * Laos * Latvia * Lebanon * Lesotho * Liberia * Libya * Liechtenstein * Lithuania * Luxembourg * Macau (CN) * Macedonia * Madagascar * Malawi * Malaysia * Maldives * Mali * Malta * Marshall Islands * Martinique (FR) * Mauritania * Mauritius * Mayotte (FR) * Mexico * Micronesia * Moldova * Monaco * Mongolia * Montenegro * Montserrat (GB) * Morocco * Mozambique * Myanmar * Namibia * Nauru * Navassa (US) * Nepal * Netherlands * New Caledonia (FR) * New Zealand * Nicaragua * Niger * Nigeria * Niue (NZ) * Norfolk Island (AU) * North Korea * Northern Cyprus * Northern Mariana Islands (US) * Norway * Oman * Pakistan * Palau * Palestinian Authority * Panama * Papua New Guinea * Paraguay * Peru * Philippines * Pitcairn Island (GB) * Poland * Portugal * Puerto Rico (US) * Qatar * Reunion (FR) * Romania * Russia * Rwanda * Saba (NL) * Saint Barthelemy (FR) * Saint Helena (GB) * Saint Kitts and Nevis * Saint Lucia * Saint Martin (FR) * Saint Pierre and Miquelon (FR) * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines * Samoa * San Marino * Sao Tome and Principe * Saudi Arabia * Senegal * Serbia * Seychelles * Sierra Leone * Singapore * Sint Eustatius (NL) * Sint Maarten (NL) * Slovakia * Slovenia * Solomon Islands * Somalia * South Africa * South Georgia (GB) * South Korea * South Sudan * Spain * Sri Lanka * Sudan * Suriname * Svalbard (NO) * Swaziland * Sweden * Switzerland * Syria * Taiwan * Tajikistan * Tanzania * Thailand * Togo * Tokelau (NZ) * Tonga * Trinidad and Tobago * Tunisia * Turkey * Turkmenistan * Turks and Caicos Islands (GB) * Tuvalu * U.S. Minor Pacific Islands (US) * U.S. Virgin Islands (US) * Uganda * Ukraine * United Arab Emirates * United Kingdom * United States * Uruguay * Uzbekistan * Vanuatu * Vatican City * Venezuela * Vietnam * Wallis and Futuna (FR) * Yemen * Zambia * Zimbabwe and major cities such as Tokyo, Yokohama, New York City, Sao Paulo, Seoul, Mexico City, Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto, Manila, Mumbai, Delhi, Jakarta, Lagos, Kolkata, Cairo, Los Angeles, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, Moscow, Shanghai, Karachi, Paris, Istanbul, Nagoya, Beijing, Chicago, London, Shenzhen, Essen, Düsseldorf, Tehran, Bogota, Lima, Bangkok, Johannesburg, East Rand, Chennai, Taipei, Baghdad, Santiago, Bangalore, Hyderabad, St Petersburg, Philadelphia, Lahore, Kinshasa, Miami, Ho Chi Minh City, Madrid, Tianjin, Kuala Lumpur, Toronto, Milan, Shenyang, Dallas, Fort Worth, Boston, Belo Horizonte, Khartoum, Riyadh, Singapore, Washington, Detroit, Barcelona,, Houston, Athens, Berlin, Sydney, Atlanta, Guadalajara, San Francisco, Oakland, Montreal, Monterey, Melbourne, Ankara, Recife, Phoenix/Mesa, Durban, Porto Alegre, Dalian, Jeddah, Seattle, Cape Town, San Diego, Fortaleza, Curitiba, Rome, Naples, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Tel Aviv, Birmingham, Frankfurt, Lisbon, Manchester, San Juan, Katowice, Tashkent, Fukuoka, Baku, Sumqayit, St. Louis, Baltimore, Sapporo, Tampa, St. Petersburg, Taichung, Warsaw, Denver, Cologne, Bonn, Hamburg, Dubai, Pretoria, Vancouver, Beirut, Budapest, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Campinas, Harare, Brasilia, Kuwait, Munich, Portland, Brussels, Vienna, San Jose, Damman , Copenhagen, Brisbane, Riverside, San Bernardino, Cincinnati and Accra The wedding day On Friday 29 April 2011 at 11 o'clock HRH Prince William of Wales and Miss Catherine Middleton were married in Westminster Abbey. Ahead of the service, Miss Middleton travelled by car with her father from the Goring Hotel, down The Mall to Parliament Square. Lining the aisle were eight 20 feet-high trees six English Field Maple and two Hornbeam. Miss Middleton carried a bouquet of myrtle, lily-of-the-valley, sweet William, ivy, myrtle and hyacinth. The Dean of Westminster conducted the service, the Archbishop of Canterbury married the couple and the Bishop of London gave the address. After the ceremony the newly married couple, now titled Their Royal Highnesses The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, travelled in a horse-drawn carriage procession to Buckingham Palace and were greeted along the streets by members of the public. The Queen hosted a Reception for the couple and their guests at Buckingham Palace, and The Prince of Wales hosted a further private dinner in the evening. The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge appeared on the balcony of Buckingham Palace for an RAF flypast and two kisses! The couple's wedding cake was made by Fiona Cairns. The cake was a multi-tiered traditional fruit cake decorated with cream and white icing in the Joseph Lambeth technique. William, prince of Wales British prince Also known as: Prince William of Wales, Prince William, Duke of Cornwall and Cambridge, William Arthur Philip Louis, Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn and Baron Carrickfergus Written and fact-checked by Last Updated: Mar 25, 2024 • Article History Prince William Prince William See all media Category: History & Society In full: William Arthur Philip Louis, prince of Wales, duke of Cornwall and Cambridge, earl of Strathearn and Baron Carrickfergus Formerly: Prince William of Wales Born: June 21, 1982, Paddington, London, England (age 41) Notable Family Members: spouse Catherine, princess of Wales father Charles III mother Diana, princess of Wales brother Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex Role In: British Royal Wedding of 2011 Recent News Mar. 24, 2024, 1:44 PM ET (AP) Kate and William 'extremely moved' by support since the Princess of Wales' cancer revelation Mar. 22, 2024, 3:52 PM ET (AP) Kate, the reliable face of a modern monarchy, now faces a personal battle in the public eye William, prince of Wales (born June 21, 1982, Paddington, London, England) elder son of Charles III and Diana, princess of Wales, and the heir apparent to the British throne. William is one of the most popular members of the British royal family, and he has come to personify the modern monarchy. Early life and education Princess Diana with Princes Harry and William Princess Diana with Princes Harry and William Princess Diana with her sons, Prince Harry (bottom) and Prince William, 1987. Princess Diana and Prince Charles with their son Prince William Princess Diana and Prince Charles with their son Prince William The prince and princess of Wales with their newborn son Prince William outside St. Mary's Hospital, London, June 1982. funeral of Princess Diana funeral of Princess Diana (From left) Prince Charles (later Charles III), Prince Harry, Charles Spencer, Prince William, and Prince Philip with Princess Diana's coffin as it arrives at Westminster Abbey, London, September 6, 1997. William is the first British heir apparent born at a hospital (St. Mary’s in London). His childhood also differed from earlier royals. Most notably, he and his younger brother, Prince Harry, were exposed to a world beyond royal privilege by their mother, who sought to give her sons a “normal” upbringing. As a result, the boys took public transportation, went to fast food restaurants, and visited homeless shelters and orphanages. William received his early education at Wetherby School in London and later attended Ludgrove School in Berkshire (1990–95) and Eton College in Windsor (1995–2000). Prince William and Kate Middleton wave to the crowds after officially launching the new RNLI's lifeboat 'Hereford Endeavour' at Trearddur Bay, Anglesey on February 24, 2011 Britannica Quiz William and Catherine Prince William and the future of the British throne Prince William and the future of the British throne The eldest son of King Charles III and Princess Diana, William is no stranger to the spotlight. See all videos for this article After a tumultuous marriage, William’s parents divorced in 1996. The following year, Princess Diana died in a car crash in Paris. William, who was 15 years old, was admired for his public poise and grace in the wake of her death. The image of him and 12-year-old Harry walking solemnly behind Diana’s casket as it was carried through the streets of London did much to endear the brothers to the British public. While William rarely spoke publicly about his mother’s death, he stated in a speech during a tour of Scotland in 2021 that “Scotland is the source of some of my happiest memories. But also, my saddest. I was in Balmoral when I was told that my mother had died.” He went on to note that he found solace in the Scottish outdoors. Princes Harry, Charles, and William Princes Harry, Charles, and William Prince Charles (later Charles III) flanked by his two sons, Prince Harry (left) and Prince William, 2005. In 2000 William was accepted to the University of St. Andrews in Scotland, but he opted to defer enrollment to take a gap year. Having been exposed to charitable activities early in his life by his mother, he volunteered in Chile. He also worked at a British dairy farm and visited Belize and countries in Africa. In 2001 he enrolled at St. Andrews, where he studied art history and, later, geography. William graduated four years later. Military career Prince William Prince William Prince William, 2008. In 2006 William entered the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. Despite his willingness to join British forces in Iraq, military officials suggested that neither William nor Harry should serve there, because they could become specific targets of attack, thereby putting their fellow soldiers at risk (Harry later served two tours of duty in Afghanistan). In 2008 William went on attachment to the Royal Air Force and then to the Royal Navy so he could gain experience in all three major branches of the armed services. In 2010 he completed his training as a helicopter pilot in the RAF Search and Rescue Force and began a tour of duty in Wales. He reportedly participated in more than 150 operations before ending his military service in September 2013. William later served as an air ambulance pilot from July 2015 to July 2017. Marriage and children Prince William and Catherine, duke and duchess of Cambridge Prince William and Catherine, duke and duchess of Cambridge Prince William and his bride, Catherine, leaving Westminster Abbey after their wedding, April 29, 2011. Prince William and Catherine, duchess of Cambridge, with their children Prince William and Catherine, duchess of Cambridge, with their children Prince William and Catherine, duke and duchess of Cambridge (later prince and princess of Wales), with their children (from left) Prince George, Princess Charlotte, and Prince Louis on the balcony of Buckingham Palace, London, June 5, 2022. Elizabeth II, Prince William, and Catherine, duchess of Cambridge Elizabeth II, Prince William, and Catherine, duchess of Cambridge Prince William (centre) and his wife, Catherine, duchess of Cambridge (right), with Queen Elizabeth II. After Elizabeth's death in 2022, Prince William's father ascended the British throne, becoming King Charles III, and Prince William became heir apparent. Prince George Alexander Louis of Cambridge Prince George Alexander Louis of Cambridge Prince William, duke of Cambridge (later prince of Wales), and Catherine, duchess of Cambridge (later princess of Wales), arriving with their first son, Prince George Alexander Louis of Cambridge, at Chapel Royal in St. James's Palace, London, for the baby's christening, 2013. Princess Charlotte Elizabeth Diana of Cambridge Princess Charlotte Elizabeth Diana of Cambridge Catherine, duchess of Cambridge (later princess of Wales), and Prince William, duke of Cambridge (later prince of Wales), with their newborn daughter, Princess Charlotte Elizabeth Diana of Cambridge, at St. Mary's Hospital, London, May 2, 2015. Prince William Prince William Prince William, 2011. In November 2010 it was announced that William would marry his longtime girlfriend, Catherine (Kate) Middleton, whom he had met at St. Andrews. The royal wedding took place on April 29, 2011, at Westminster Abbey in London. The couple’s first son, Prince George Alexander Louis of Cambridge, was born on July 22, 2013. They subsequently had a daughter, Princess Charlotte Elizabeth Diana of Cambridge (born May 2, 2015), and a second son, Prince Louis Arthur Charles of Cambridge (born April 23, 2018). Special offer for students! Check out our special academic rate and excel this spring semester! Later life How did Prince William and Kate Middleton meet? How did Prince William and Kate Middleton meet? Learn about the origin of Prince William and Kate Middleton's love story. See all videos for this article Prince Harry, Prince William, and Catherine, duchess of Cambridge Prince Harry, Prince William, and Catherine, duchess of Cambridge Prince Harry (left) with Prince William and the latter's wife, Catherine, duchess of Cambridge, 2016. William ranks among the most popular figures of the royal family, known for his ease and relatability, traits that his mother also possessed. In various ways, William has sought to honour Princess Diana’s legacy. In 2007 he and Harry organized a London memorial service to mark the 10-year anniversary of her death. The two later commissioned a statue of their mother, and it was unveiled on the grounds of Kensington Palace in 2021. Much like his father, William is an avid sportsman and an environmental activist. In 2020 he announced the creation of the Earthshot Prize, which was inspired by U.S. Pres. John F. Kennedy’s “Moonshot” initiative to send a man to the Moon. It was to be awarded in five categories over 10 years, and the goal was to “repair the planet.” The first prizes were presented in 2021. Prince William Prince William Prince William inspecting the Guard of Honour at the Palace of Holyroodhouse, Edinburgh, Scotland, May 21, 2021. While William has largely avoided the scandals that plagued his parents, his relationship with Harry became fodder for the tabloids beginning in 2020. That year Harry and his wife, Meghan, duchess of Sussex, announced that they would “step back” from their royal duties. The brothers’ relationship became increasingly strained, especially after Harry and Meghan publicly criticized the royal family. During a discussion about racism, Harry claimed that there was “a huge level of unconscious bias” among family members. This came as the monarchy faced an intensifying backlash over its colonial legacy of exploitation, repression, and slavery. During a Caribbean tour in 2022, William and Catherine encountered protests as many countries in the region considered removing the British monarch as head of state. William later said that “racism…has no place in our society.” Catherine, Princess of Wales Article Talk Read View source View history Tools This is a good article. Click here for more information. Page semi-protected From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For Catherine, Princess of Wales (1501–1502), see Catherine of Aragon. "Kate Middleton" redirects here. For the New Zealand diver, see Kate Middleton (free-diver). Catherine Princess of Wales (more) Catherine in 2023 Born Catherine Elizabeth Middleton 9 January 1982 (age 42) Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, Berkshire, England Spouse William, Prince of Wales (m. 2011) Issue Prince George of Wales Princess Charlotte of Wales Prince Louis of Wales House Windsor (by marriage) Father Michael Middleton Mother Carole Goldsmith Alma mater Marlborough College British Institute of Florence University of St Andrews (MA Hons) Signature Royal family of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms Catherine, Princess of Wales GCVO (born Catherine Elizabeth Middleton[a]; 9 January 1982) is a member of the British royal family. She is married to William, Prince of Wales, heir apparent to the British throne. Born in Reading, Catherine grew up in Bucklebury, Berkshire. She was educated at St Andrew's School and Marlborough College before studying Art History at the University of St Andrews in Scotland, where she met Prince William in 2001. She held several jobs in retail and marketing and pursued charity work before their engagement was announced in November 2010. They married on 29 April 2011 at Westminster Abbey; she became Duchess of Cambridge. The couple have three children: George, Charlotte, and Louis. Catherine holds patronage with over 20 charitable and military organisations including the Anna Freud Centre, Action for Children, SportsAid, and the National Portrait Gallery. She undertakes projects through the Royal Foundation, with her charity work focusing on issues surrounding early childhood care, addiction, and art. To encourage people to discuss their mental health problems, Catherine envisioned the mental health awareness campaign Heads Together, which she launched with her husband William and brother-in-law Harry in April 2016. The media have called Catherine's impact on British and American fashion the "Kate Middleton effect". Time listed her as one of the most influential people in the world in 2011, 2012 and 2013 and as a finalist in 2018. On 9 September 2022, she became Princess of Wales when her husband was created Prince of Wales by his father, King Charles III. Early life, education and career Catherine Elizabeth Middleton was born on 9 January 1982 at the Royal Berkshire Hospital in Reading into an upper-middle-class family.[1][2] She was baptised at St Andrew's Bradfield, a local parish church, on 20 June 1982.[3][4][5] Her parents, Michael Middleton[6] and Carole (née Goldsmith),[7] were a flight dispatcher and flight attendant at British Airways, respectively; she is the eldest of their three children. In 1987, her mother founded Party Pieces, a privately held mail order company that sold party supplies and decorations. Following her mother's retirement and the buyout of her majority shareholding, the new business management at that stage encountered difficulties after axing the quarterly product catalogue. Party Pieces was subsequently rescued from administration in 2023 by millionaire entrepreneur James Sinclair.[8][9] By the early 20th century, the Middleton family had married into British aristocracy[10] and benefited financially from trust funds which they had established over a century ago. Her Middleton relatives, including her great-grandparents Noël and Olive Middleton, played host to members of the British royal family in the 1920s through to the 1940s.[2][11][12] Her mother's family are descended from coal miners, and have been described as working-class.[13][14] She has a younger sister, Philippa, and a younger brother, James.[15] The family moved from Bradfield Southend, Berkshire, to Amman, Jordan, in May 1984, where Catherine attended an English-language nursery school.[16][17][18][19] When her family returned to Berkshire in September 1986, she was enrolled aged four at St Andrew's School, a private school near Pangbourne in Berkshire. She boarded part-weekly at St Andrew's in her later years.[20] In 1995, her family moved to the village of Bucklebury[21][22] where she studied at Downe House School.[23] Middleton was a boarder at Marlborough College, a co-educational boarding school in Wiltshire,[24][25] where she showed talent in sports and was captain of the women's field hockey team.[26] She obtained three A-Levels in 2000, with an 'A' in mathematics, an 'A' in art, and a 'B' in English.[27] Despite being offered a seat at the University of Edinburgh,[28] Middleton took a gap year, studying at the British Institute of Florence in Italy and travelling to Chile to participate in a Raleigh International programme.[29] She worked as a deckhand at the Port of Southampton in the summer preceding university.[30] She subsequently enrolled at the University of St Andrews in Fife, Scotland, to study Art History. She briefly studied psychology before focusing solely on art history.[31] She worked part-time as a waitress during her studies.[32] While attending university, she achieved a gold Duke of Edinburgh Award.[33] Middleton was an active member of The Lumsden Club, which held fundraisers and community projects each year.[34] In 2005, she graduated from the University of St Andrews with an undergraduate MA (2:1 Hons) in Art History.[35] In November 2006, Middleton commenced part-time work for twelve months as an accessory buyer with the clothing chain Jigsaw.[36] In 2007, she curated a photography exhibition to mark the book launch of Time to Reflect, by Alistair Morrison, to raise funds for UNICEF.[37] In 2008, Middleton made several trips to Naomi's House Hospice, where she brought gifts and read to children.[38][39] Later that year, she organised a 1980s-themed roller disco fundraiser which raised £100,000, split between Oxford Children's Hospital, for the construction of Tom's Ward to treat pediatric cancer, and Place2Be, an organisation which provides mental health counselling to school children.[40] She also worked until January 2011 at the family business in catalogue design and production, marketing, and photography.[41][42] While working for the company, she launched the firm's junior brand for toddlers, and began working with the Starlight Children's Foundation, which helps terminally ill youth, providing party essentials for sick children.[43] Middleton also helped coordinate the Boodles Boxing Ball, which raised money for the charity.[44] Prior to her marriage, she lived in an apartment owned by her parents in Chelsea, London, with her sister.[45] With "Kate" as a nickname in place of "Catherine", the media originally reported her name as "Kate Middleton", and this name persisted in the public sphere despite changes in her name and titles later in life.[46][47][48] Personal life Pre-marriage relationship with Prince William With Prince Harry (left) at William's Order of the Garter investiture, 2008 In 2001, Middleton met Prince William while they were students in residence at St Salvator's Hall at the University of St Andrews.[49][b] She reportedly caught William's eye at a charity fashion show at the university in 2002 when she appeared on the stage wearing a see-through lace dress.[51] The couple began dating in 2003.[52] During their second year, Middleton shared a flat with William and two other friends.[53] From 2003 until 2005, they both resided at Balgove House on the Strathtyrum estate with two roommates.[54][55] In 2004, the couple briefly split but later rekindled their relationship.[56] After her graduation, Middleton and her family were faced with intensive tabloid press scrutiny.[57][58][59] She attended William's Passing Out Parade at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in December 2006.[60][61] In April 2007, they ended their relationship.[62] She and her family attended the Concert for Diana in July 2007,[53] where she and William sat two rows apart.[63] It was subsequently reported that the couple had then reconciled.[64] In May 2008, Middleton attended the wedding of William's cousin Peter Phillips to Autumn Kelly in William's stead, and met Queen Elizabeth II for the first time.[65][66] Middleton attended the Order of the Garter procession at Windsor Castle in June 2008, where William was made a Royal Knight of the Garter.[67] In July 2008, she was a guest at the wedding of Lady Rose Windsor and George Gilman while William was away on military operations in the Caribbean, serving aboard HMS Iron Duke.[68] In June 2010, the couple moved into a cottage on the Bodorgan Estate in Anglesey, Wales, where William resided during his RAF search-and-rescue training and subsequent career.[69][70][71] Marriage and children Further information: Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton, Wedding dress of Catherine Middleton, and Engagement dress of Catherine Middleton With William and their children at Trooping the Colour 2019 Middleton and William became engaged in October 2010, in Kenya, during a 10-day trip to the Lewa Wildlife Conservancy to celebrate the latter passing the RAF helicopter search and rescue course.[72][73] Clarence House announced the engagement on 16 November 2010.[74][75] William gave her the engagement ring that had belonged to his mother, Diana, Princess of Wales. Middleton, who was christened as a child, decided to be confirmed into the Church of England preceding her wedding.[76] The confirmation service was conducted on 10 March at St James's Palace by the Bishop of London with her family and William in attendance.[77] The couple married on 29 April 2011 at Westminster Abbey[78] (St Catherine's Day), with the day declared a bank holiday in the United Kingdom. Estimates of the global audience for the wedding ranged around 300 million or more, whilst 26 million watched the event live in Britain alone.[79][80][81] Her wedding dress was designed by Sarah Burton at Alexander McQueen.[82] Catherine assumed the style "Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cambridge".[83] The couple was given the country home Anmer Hall, on the Sandringham Estate, as a wedding gift from the Queen.[84] Catherine keeps bees on the grounds.[85] Following their marriage in 2011, the couple used Nottingham Cottage as their London residence.[86] They moved into the four-storey, 20-room Apartment 1A at Kensington Palace in 2013. Renovations took 18 months at a cost of £4.5 million.[87] Kensington Palace became William and Catherine's main residence in 2017.[88] The couple and their children officially moved into Adelaide Cottage in Windsor in September 2022.[89] On 3 December 2012, St James's Palace announced that Catherine was pregnant with her first child. The announcement was made earlier in the pregnancy than is usual as she had been admitted to King Edward VII's Hospital suffering from hyperemesis gravidarum, a severe form of morning sickness.[90][91] Prince George was born at St Mary's Hospital in London on 22 July 2013.[92] The severe morning sickness returned with the subsequent pregnancies, forcing Catherine to cancel her official engagements.[93] She gave birth to Princess Charlotte on 2 May 2015[94] and to Prince Louis on 23 April 2018.[95] George, Charlotte and Louis were respectively third, fourth and fifth in the line of succession to the British throne at the times of their births.[92][96][97] William and Catherine have owned two English Cocker Spaniels, named Lupo and Orla.[98][99] Health Further information: Where is Kate? Kensington Palace announced on 17 January 2024 that Catherine had undergone a planned abdominal surgery for an undisclosed medical condition that was not cancer, after she had been admitted to The London Clinic the previous day.[100][101] She postponed all of her public engagements and duties until after Easter that year.[102] The subsequent speculation about Catherine's absence and health prompted various conspiracy theories and attracted extensive media attention.[103][104] Catherine announced on 22 March, through a video message filmed by BBC Studios, that post-operative tests had found cancer, and the palace said she had been undergoing chemotherapy since late February.[105][106] Public life Further information: List of official overseas trips made by William, Prince of Wales, and Catherine, Princess of Wales Duchess of Cambridge Middleton's first public appearance with William following their engagement announcement in November 2010 was at a fundraising event organised by the Teenage Cancer Trust in December 2010.[107] She was formally introduced to public life in February 2011, when the couple attended a lifeboat-naming ceremony in Trearddur, near their home at that time in Anglesey, North Wales.[108][109] A day later they appeared in St Andrews to launch the university's 600th anniversary celebrations.[110] In March 2011, the couple toured Belfast.[111] Catherine's first official engagement after her wedding came in May, when she and William met Barack and Michelle Obama at Buckingham Palace.[112] William and Catherine's first royal tour of Canada took place in July 2011.[113] The couple's activities included attending celebrations for Canada Day.[114][115][116] The tour's two-day trip to California was Catherine's first visit to the United States.[117][118] In October 2011, she undertook her first solo engagement at a reception for In Kind Direct, hosted at Clarence House, stepping in for Prince Charles.[119] With William in Ottawa during their first royal tour of Canada, 2011 In November 2011, Catherine and William visited the UNICEF Supply Division for malnourished children in Copenhagen, Denmark.[120][121] On St Patrick's Day in 2012, she carried out the traditional awarding of shamrocks to the Irish Guards at their Aldershot base in her first solo military engagement.[122] In March that year, Catherine gave her first public speech for the opening of a children's hospice opened by her patronage, East Anglia's Children's Hospices.[123] She and William were announced as ambassadors for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.[124] As part of her role, Catherine attended numerous sporting events throughout the games.[125] In September 2012, the couple embarked on a tour of Singapore, Malaysia, Tuvalu, and the Solomon Islands to commemorate Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee across the Commonwealth.[126] During this overseas visit, she made her first official speech abroad, while visiting a hospice in Malaysia, drawing on her experience as patron of East Anglia's Children's Hospices.[127][128] The couple attended further celebrations of the Jubilee throughout the year, including the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant in July.[129][130][131] The first engagement that Catherine carried out after the birth of Prince George was in August 2013, when she accompanied William to meet runners preparing for an ultramarathon in Anglesey.[132] At the beginning of March 2014, it was announced that the couple would be accompanied by their son on an upcoming tour of New Zealand and Australia from 16 to 25 April.[133] The tour itinerary included visiting the Plunket Society for children and visiting fire-damaged areas in New South Wales.[134] In June 2014, the couple visited France to attend an event commemorating 70 years since the Normandy landings at Gold Beach.[135] In July 2014, it was announced that Catherine would be making her first solo trip, visiting Malta in September 2014, when the island was celebrating its 50th independence anniversary.[136] Her trip was cancelled, with her husband taking her place, after the announcement of her second pregnancy in early September.[137] In December 2014, the couple visited the United States and attended a charity dinner at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[138] On an official visit to Stockholm, Sweden, in 2018 In October 2015, Catherine attended her first state banquet at Buckingham Palace, held to host Chinese president Xi Jinping.[139] In April 2016, she and William undertook a tour to India and Bhutan.[140] Activities included visiting children's charities such as Childline India, as well as a visit to Lingkana Palace.[141][142] Later that month, the couple met again with the Obamas at Kensington Palace.[139] The couple toured Canada again in September 2016.[143] In October 2016, Catherine made her first solo foreign trip to The Netherlands.[144] Countries visited by the couple in 2017 include France, Poland, Germany, and Belgium.[145][146][147][148] Catherine is known to take official portraits of her children and joined the Royal Photographic Society in 2017.[149] She visited Luxembourg City in May 2017 for the Treaty of London commemorations.[150] In January 2018, the couple visited Sweden and Norway.[151] In February 2019, William and Catherine carried out a two-day visit of Northern Ireland, visiting Belfast, Fermanagh, and Ballymena.[152][153] In June 2019, Catherine took the royal first salute, typically received by the Queen, at the Beating Retreat military pageant.[154][155] She accompanied her husband on a tour of Pakistan in October 2019, the royal family's first visit to the country in 13 years.[156] The couple conducted an interview for CNN in Lahore while visiting the SoS Children's Village, where Catherine gave a speech relating to her work on the early years.[157][158] In March 2020, the couple carried out a three-day tour of Ireland, visiting County Meath, Kildare, and Galway.[159] In October 2020, William and Catherine met President Volodymyr Zelensky of Ukraine and First Lady Olena Zelenska at Buckingham Palace, the first royal engagement held at the residence since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.[160] In December that year, the couple embarked on a three-day tour of England, Scotland, and Wales via the British Royal Train "to pay tribute to the inspiring work of individuals, organisations and initiatives across the country" in 2020.[161][162][163] Boris Johnson expressed his support for the initiative, while First Minister of Scotland Nicola Sturgeon criticised the tour, citing travel restrictions; UK, Scottish and Welsh governments were consulted before planning the tour.[164][165] In May 2021, the couple returned to Scotland for an extensive tour of Edinburgh, Fife and Orkney.[166] William and Catherine attended the G7 summit for the first time in June 2021 in Cornwall.[167] Catherine visited primary students alongside Jill Biden and participated in a roundtable discussion focusing on early childhood education.[168] With William, their children and other senior royals on the balcony of Buckingham Palace following the Platinum Jubilee Pageant on 5 June 2022 In February 2022, Catherine visited Denmark to learn about the country's plans for social and emotional development of youngsters and also to celebrate milestones of both countries' monarchs.[169] In March 2022, she and William embarked on a tour of Belize, The Bahamas and Jamaica to commemorate Elizabeth II's Platinum Jubilee.[170] Princess of Wales Queen Elizabeth II died on 8 September 2022, and Catherine's father-in-law succeeded as Charles III. The following day, William was created Prince of Wales by his father, making Catherine Princess of Wales.[171] In September 2022, Catherine and William visited Anglesey and Swansea, which marked their first visit to Wales since becoming Princess and Prince of Wales.[172] In February 2023, they visited Falmouth, marking their first visit to the region since becoming Duke and Duchess of Cornwall.[173] Charity work Further information: Royal Foundation Patronages and interests Following her marriage, Catherine assumed royal duties and commitments in support of the British monarch.[174] In March 2011, she and William set up a gift fund held by The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry to allow well-wishers who wanted to give them a wedding gift to donate money to charities they care about instead.[175][176] The gift fund supported 26 charities of the couple's choice, incorporating the armed forces, children, the elderly, art, sport and conservation.[177][178] In June 2012, The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry was renamed to reflect Catherine's contribution to the charity.[179] It is now known as The Royal Foundation of The Prince and Princess of Wales.[180] With William attending a Commonwealth Big Lunch at St Luke's Community Centre in Islington, March 2018 Catherine's charity work primarily focuses on issues surrounding young children, mental health, sport, addiction and art.[181][182] Her impact on charitable donations and project visibility has been called the "Kate effect".[183][184] She holds a number of charitable patronages: Action for Children, the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, the Anna Freud Centre, East Anglia's Children's Hospices (EACH), Evelina London Children's Hospital, Family Action, the Maternal Mental Health Alliance, the National Portrait Gallery, the Natural History Museum, NHS Charities Together, Place2Be, the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, SportsAid, the Scouts, the 1851 Trust, the Foundling Museum, the Lawn Tennis Association, the Royal Photographic Society, and the Victoria and Albert Museum.[181][185][186] Catherine, being an art history graduate, also takes an interest in art and handpicked the Art Room, which helped disadvantaged children access art therapy before its closure,[187] as well as the National Portrait Gallery.[188] She acquired patronage of the Lawn Tennis Association, the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, Action for Children, and the Royal Photographic Society after they were passed down by Queen Elizabeth II.[189][190][191][192] In December 2015, she assumed patronage of the Royal Air Force Air Cadets[193] for youths 12–19 years of age. The Duke of Edinburgh, who had been patron of the RAF Cadets for 63 years, formally handed over during an audience at Buckingham Palace.[194] She became patron of the Foundling Museum, a museum to commemorate the Foundling Hospital, in 2019.[195] Catherine was also a local volunteer leader with The Scout Association in north Wales,[196] of which Queen Elizabeth II was patron, before being made co-president in September 2020, alongside the Duke of Kent.[182][197] In her capacity as patron of Action on Addiction, Catherine has occasionally made visits to its centres, spending time with recovering addicts.[198][199] In October 2012, she, alongside Action on Addiction, launched the M-PACT programme (Moving Parents and Children Together), one of the only UK programmes to focus specifically on the impact of drug addiction on families.[200] 283 Place2Be volunteers were trained through the programme to reach over 26,000 children.[201][202] In June 2021, Catherine was announced as patron of The Forward Trust after its merger with Action on Addiction.[203] As a patron of The Forward Trust, she launched a campaign titled "Taking Action on Addiction".[204] Catherine has worked extensively in children's palliative care alongside East Anglia's Children's Hospices[205] and undertakes private visits to children's hospices and their families.[206][205][39] She made her first public address at the opening of their Ipswich facility in 2012.[207][208] Catherine officially opened their Norfolk hospice in 2019, after previously launching their financial appeal in 2014, which raised £10m.[205][209] She has carried out engagements to raise awareness of Children's Hospice Week since 2013.[207] Presenting the ladies' singles trophy to Elena Rybakina at the 2022 Wimbledon Championships Catherine is a keen sportswoman and attends Wimbledon annually.[210][211] She has been patron of the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club since 2016.[212] Catherine, who enjoys sailing, has occasionally taken part in the sport to raise money for charity.[213] In 2012, together with her husband and his brother Harry, Catherine launched Coach Core. The programme was set up following the 2012 Olympics to provide apprenticeship opportunities for people who desire to pursue a career as a professional coach.[214] As of 2018, Coach Core has had over 400 apprentices and graduates across 10 locations.[215] In 2014, she and William were awarded Honorary Life Membership of the Marylebone Cricket Club.[216] In July 2019, she lent her support to Backyard Nature, a campaign created to inspire "children, families and communities to get outside and engage with nature".[217] In August 2019, the couple competed in the King's Cup yachting regatta to raise money for eight different charities.[218] In February 2022, she became patron of the Rugby Football Union and the Rugby Football League, both governing bodies that were previously supported by her brother-in-law Harry.[219] In August 2022, it was announced that Catherine and Roger Federer would attend the Laver Cup Open Practice Day on 22 September, which she had to pull out from due to the mourning period following the death of Queen Elizabeth II, but the proceeds from the event were donated to her patronages Action for Children and the Lawn Tennis Association.[220][221] In 2014, Catherine wrote the foreword for Living in the Slipstream: Life as an RAF Wife, whose proceeds raised money for charity.[222] Since acquiring patronage of the RAF Cadets, she has made visits to their base in Cambridgeshire[223] and celebrated their 75th anniversary in 2016.[224] In January 2018, locks of her hair were reportedly donated to the Little Princess Trust, a charity which made wigs for children diagnosed with cancer.[225] In February 2018, she became patron of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.[226][227] She also launched Nursing Now, a three-year worldwide campaign to raise awareness about the profile of nurses.[228] She has written of her family ties with nursing and that both her grandmother, Valerie Middleton, and her great-grandmother, Olive Middleton, were VAD nurses for the British Red Cross.[229][226][227][230] During the COVID-19 pandemic, Catherine undertook many in-person and virtual engagements supporting National Health Service workers.[231][232] She discreetly volunteered with the Royal Voluntary Service during the COVID-19 pandemic.[233] Catherine has called herself an "enthusiastic amateur photographer"[234] and has taken official portraits of her children, as well as other members of the royal family.[235] In 2019, she supported workshops run by the Royal Photographic Society in partnership with Action for Children to highlight the effect of photography in expressing thoughts in young people.[236] As patron of the Royal Photographic Society she and other photographers took part in an exhibition that marked 75 years since the end of the Holocaust.[237] Photos taken by Catherine of the Holocaust survivors were later included in an exhibition at the Imperial War Museum.[238] Catherine curated an exhibition of Victorian photography at the National Portrait Gallery with a thematic focus on childhood.[239] In May 2020, she launched "Hold Still", a project to capture people's life during lockdown, which garnered 31,000 submissions.[240][241] In July 2020, the exhibition was released, with the final 100 photographs being displayed online. In October 2020, the portraits were displayed on 112 public sites, including billboards, murals, and posters, across 80 towns and cities.[242][243] The online exhibition collected over 5.2 million page views.[244] The photographs were published in a book on 7 May 2021, titled Hold Still: A Portrait of Our Nation in 2020, with a foreword written by Catherine.[245] In May 2021, Catherine received her first dose of COVID-19 vaccine by NHS staff at the Science Museum in London, encouraging use of the vaccine and thanking the staff for "playing a part in the rollout".[246] In October 2022, she became patron to Preet Chandi, a British Army medical officer who aimed to complete a 1,000-mile solo expedition in the South Pole after finishing a 700-mile journey in the continent earlier that year.[247] Catherine has been hosting a Christmas carol concert at Westminster Abbey called Together At Christmas annually since December 2021.The 2021 concert honoured those who made significant contributions during the COVID-19 pandemic.[248] In 2022, the event was dedicated to honouring the efforts of individuals, families, and communities across the United Kingdom, and it also paid tribute to Queen Elizabeth II.[249] The 2023 service celebrated those who support babies, young children, and families across the United Kingdom.[250] In March 2022 and amid the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Catherine and William made a donation to help the refugees.[251] In February 2023, they donated to the Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC) which was helping victims of the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake.[252] In May 2023, Catherine hosted the first children's picnic at the Chelsea Flower Show for students from ten primary schools who were participating in the Royal Horticultural Society's Campaign for School Gardening.[253][254] Mental health advocacy At HM Prison High Down, September 2023 Catherine has tackled issues surrounding mental health and disabilities and has previously made visits to charities and hospitals such as St Thomas' Hospital and the Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute to spend time with mothers and children who deal with these issues.[255][256][257] She has also been credited with raising national awareness of children's mental health; Benita Refson, president of Place2Be, has praised her work, saying that she would "shine the spotlight on child mental health", while Peter Fonagy, CEO of the Anna Freud Centre has called her one of the most important figures in the field, and stated that "to the millions of children who have been suffering in silence, she is their voice".[258][259] In recognition of their work with charities concerned with children's mental health, Catherine and William were awarded the Gold Blue Peter badge, an award previously granted to Queen Elizabeth II.[260] To encourage people to open up about their mental health issues, Catherine, William and Harry initiated the mental health awareness campaign "Heads Together" in April 2016.[261] The campaign was first envisioned by Catherine earlier that year. "Heads Together" reportedly resulted in over one million people speaking out about their mental health, and an investment of £3m in mental health innovations.[262] She later voluntarily talked about her struggles as a mother, and admitted that she suffered a "lack of confidence" and "feelings of ignorance" during certain periods of time.[261][255][263] Catherine has discussed her experiences with "mum guilt" in balancing work/life commitments, and described bringing her newborn home from the hospital for the first time as "terrifying".[264] She has also highlighted the importance of "a happy home" and "a safe environment" for children, and described her "passion" for the outdoors, referencing it as an asset to building childhood wellbeing and developmental foundations.[265] She launched the Mentally Healthy Schools website, which helps the students and staff with access "to reliable and practical resources to improve awareness, knowledge and confidence in supporting pupils' mental health".[266] Catherine held sessions for the programme at the Mental Health in Education Conference in 2019.[267] After two years of development, the website had over 250,000 visitors accessing its resources.[268][269] In February 2016, she travelled to Edinburgh to promote the work of Place2Be, and launch the Children's Mental Health Week, which she commemorates annually.[270][271] Catherine guest-edited HuffPost UK as a part of the Young Minds Matter movement, an effort "to raise awareness for children's mental health issues".[272][273] In 2019, Catherine worked with the Royal Horticultural Society as one of the co-designers for a garden display at the Chelsea Flower Show.[274] She designed the "Back to Nature Garden" together with Andree Davies and Adam White.[275] The garden, which featured "a tree house, waterfall, rustic den and a campfire" among other parts, was unveiled at the Chelsea Flower Show in May 2019 to emphasise "the benefits the natural world brings to mental and physical well-being".[276][277] The garden was later expanded and moved to Hampton Court Palace as a part of the Hampton Court Palace Flower Show,[278] before being shown at the Back to Nature Festival at RHS Garden Wisley.[279] A playground, inspired by the "Back to Nature" garden, was built on the Sandringham Estate in 2021.[280] In May 2019, as a part of their "Heads Together" initiative, Catherine together with her husband and in-laws, launched Shout, a text messaging service for those who have mental issues.[281] As of November 2020, the programme has facilitated over half a million conversations.[282] In October 2019, Catherine, together with some of her royal relatives, voiced a PSA video for Public Health England "as part of its Every Mind Matters program".[283] In March 2020, she and William started supporting a new mental health initiative by the Public Health England amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom.[284] In April 2020, the couple announced Our Frontline, an initiative providing mental health support to emergency medical workers.[285] In May 2020, the couple's recorded radio message for Mental Health Awareness Week was broadcast across all the stations in the United Kingdom.[286] In June 2020, Catherine hosted an online assembly to 80 elementary school students across the United Kingdom, focused on the importance of self-care and expressing one's feelings openly.[287] In February 2021, Catherine recorded a video message about the importance of positive mental health during the pandemic.[288] The video has been watched by over 3.5 million people.[288] In May 2021, William and Catherine, with other prominent personalities, voiced 2021 Mental Health Minute, a one-minute record delivered by Radiocentre and Somethin' Else to mark 2021 Mental Health Awareness Week.[289] The record was broadcast across all radio stations in the United Kingdom and reached over 20 million listeners.[289] In May 2022, the couple voiced the Mental Health Minute message again, which was broadcast on every radio station in the United Kingdom on 13 May and asked people to help individuals around them that suffer from loneliness.[290] In February 2022, Catherine made a surprise appearance on CBeebies Bedtime Stories, where she read The Owl Who Was Afraid of the Dark by Jill Tomlinson as part of the conclusion of Children's Mental Health Week.[291] In October 2022, to mark World Mental Health Day, she and William took over Newsbeat and interviewed four guests on topics related to mental health.[292] In the following year, the couple took part in a forum for young people in Birmingham, alongside BBC Radio 1 and a charity called The Mix, called Exploring our Emotional Worlds continuing their longstanding work to promote mental well-being.[293] Early years and childhood development With Jill Biden at Connor Downs Academy, Cornwall, June 2021 During the initial years of her charity work, Catherine became interested in the connection between the first five years of childhood and conditions such as homelessness, mental health, and addiction in later life.[294] In March 2018, she hosted a symposium with the Royal Society of Medicine, focusing on children's health, and launched the Early Years Intervention Support initiative.[295] In May 2018, she established the Early Years Steering Group.[296][297] In January 2020, Catherine launched "5 Big Questions on the Under 5's", a nationwide survey on development during early years.[298] The survey was conducted by Ipsos MORI and contained "further qualitative and ethnographic research" on the early years.[299] It received over 500,000 responses.[300] The results of the survey were released in November 2020.[301] The findings outlined five key topics surrounding early childhood, including parental mental health and wider community health and support.[302][303] In July 2020, she supported and assisted in the development of BBC's "Tiny Happy People" initiative, providing free digital resources to parents with young children.[304] In August 2020, she headed a donation drive to benefit baby banks nationwide, including Little Village, which spurred over 10,000 donations from Marks & Spencer, Tesco, John Lewis & Partners, and Sainsbury's.[305][306] In June 2021, Catherine launched the Royal Foundation Centre for Early Childhood to conduct work, research, and campaigns with other organisations on issues surrounding the early years.[307] In February 2022, Catherine visited Denmark on behalf of the Royal Foundation Centre for Early Childhood.[308] She visited the University of Copenhagen and met officials from the Center for Early Intervention and Family Studies.[308] She visited Stenurten Forest School,[309] to learn about its approach to learning, which focuses on the students' social and emotional development rather than academic skills.[310] She also visited Lego Foundation PlayLab at University College Copenhagen.[169] In June 2022, Catherine hosted her first roundtable discussion with politicians on early childhood development.[311] In January 2023, Catherine launched the Shaping Us initiative through the Royal Foundation Centre for Early Childhood, a long-term campaign aimed at raising awareness about early childhood development and its importance.[312] In November 2023, she delivered the keynote speech at The Shaping Us National Symposium held at The Design Museum in London.[313] Public image and style Further information: Fashion of Catherine, Princess of Wales Catherine (holding Prince Louis at right) wore dresses designed by Alexander McQueen at Trooping the Colour in 2013 and 2019 respectively. Catherine, prominent for her fashion style, has been placed on numerous "best dressed" lists.[314][315] The "Kate Middleton effect" is the trend that she is reported to have had in sales of particular products and brands.[316][317] In 2011, 2012 and 2013, Catherine was listed as one of Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the World.[318] In 2014, she was lauded as a British cultural icon, with young adults from abroad naming her among a group of people who they most associated with UK culture.[319][320] Catherine was also named in the International Best Dressed Hall of Fame List in the same year.[321] In December 2022, she was found to be the second most liked member of the royal family by statistics and polling company YouGov,[322] while an Ipsos favourability poll in April 2023 suggested that she was the most liked member.[323] In 2023 and 2024, The Independent included Catherine on its "Influence List".[324][325] Speaking to The Times on Catherine's 40th birthday, her aides stated that she does not accept "advice on a PR basis" and will "never do something because she thinks the media will like it."[326] Jamie Lowther-Pinkerton, Catherine and William's former private secretary, stated that "she has that almost old-fashioned, Queen Mother attitude to drama – she just doesn't do it."[326] Privacy and the media The death of Diana, Princess of Wales, while being chased by paparazzi in August 1997[327] has since influenced her elder son, William's, attitude towards the media.[328] William and Catherine have often requested that, when off-duty, their privacy should be respected.[328] In April 2004, The Sun published pictures of William and Middleton at a ski resort and alleged that she was his girlfriend.[329] After her graduation from university, Middleton was faced with widespread press attention and was often photographed by the paparazzi.[57][59] In October 2005, she complained through her lawyer about harassment from the media, stating she had done nothing significant to warrant publicity and complained that photographers were permanently stationed outside her flat.[330][331] Former royal press secretary Dickie Arbiter stated that her treatment by the press drew parallels to the tumultuous experience of Diana in the early years of her marriage.[332] Between 2005 and 2006, Middleton's phone was hacked 155 times according to former News of the World royal editor Clive Goodman, who was involved in a phone hacking scandal by the newspaper that targeted the royal family.[333] In 2005, after Middleton was chased by the paparazzi on her way to an interview, William consulted her and her father and penned a legal letter to newspapers requesting that they respect her privacy.[334] In April 2006, her lawyers issued new warnings to the Daily Mail, the Daily Star and The Sun and the picture agencies Big Pictures and Matrix after they published photographs of Middleton on a bus during a shopping trip.[335] Media attention increased around the time of Middleton's 25th birthday in January 2007, where twenty photographers and five television crews photographed her leaving for work.[336][330] Warnings were issued by Prince Charles, Prince William, and Middleton's lawyers, who threatened legal action.[337] Two newspaper groups, News International, which publishes The Times and The Sun; and the Guardian Media Group, publishers of The Guardian, decided to refrain from publishing paparazzi pictures of Middleton, but continued to use photographs of her at public events.[338][339] In March 2007, her lawyers filed a formal complaint to the Press Complaints Commission (PCC) over a photograph published on the Daily Mirror that was taken as a result of harassment.[340] In April 2007, Middleton reached a settlement with the Daily Mirror, which was followed by a warning by the PCC over her treatment by the press.[341] In July 2007, MPs on the Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee stated in a report on press regulation that Middleton was the victim of "clear and persistent harassment" by the paparazzi and criticised the lack of intervention by the PCC, who circulated a letter from her solicitors on the issue of press harassment but said they were not directly asked by her lawyers to act.[341][342] In 2010, Middleton pursued an invasion of privacy claim against two agencies and photographer Niraj Tanna, who took photographs of her playing tennis over Christmas 2009 while on holiday in Cornwall.[343][344] She was awarded £5,000 damages, legal costs, and an apology from the photographic press agency Rex Features Ltd[345][346] and announced that the money would be donated to charity.[345] In 2011, close associates of Jonathan Rees, a private investigator connected to the News International phone hacking scandal, stated that he had targeted Catherine during her period as William's girlfriend.[347] In May 2011, the Middleton family complained to the PCC after photographs of Catherine, her sister, and their mother in bikinis while on holiday in 2006 on board a yacht off Ibiza were published in the Mail on Sunday, Daily Mail, News of the World, and Daily Mirror.[348] One of the photographs showed Catherine's sister topless, which prompted the family to complain about newspapers breaching the editors' code of practice by invading their privacy.[348] In September 2011, Daily Mail, the Mail on Sunday, and Daily Mirror all agreed to have the images removed from their website and never publish them again following a deal negotiated by the PCC.[349] In September 2012, the French edition of Closer and the Italian gossip magazine Chi published photographs of Catherine sunbathing topless while on holiday at the Château d'Autet[328] (a private château on a 260-hectare estate 71 km[350] north of Aix-en-Provence). Analysts from The Times believed the photographs were taken from the D22 (Vaucluse) road half a kilometre from the pool—a distance that would require an 800-mm or a 1000-mm lens.[351] On 17 September 2012, William and Catherine filed a criminal complaint with the French prosecution department and launched a claim for civil damages at the Tribunal de Grande Instance de Nanterre.[352] The following day the courts granted an injunction against Closer, prohibiting further publication of the photographs and announced a criminal investigation would be initiated.[353] Under French law, punitive damages cannot be awarded[354] but intrusions of privacy are a criminal offence carrying a maximum jail sentence of one year and a fine of up to €45,000 for individuals and €225,000 for companies.[355][356] In September 2017, Closer was fined €100,000 and its editor Laurence Pieau and owner Ernesto Mauri were each fined €45,000.[357] In December 2012, two Australian radio hosts, Michael Christian and Mel Greig, called King Edward VII's Hospital where Catherine was an in-patient for hyperemesis gravidarum. Pretending to be Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Charles, Greig and Christian spoke to a nurse on Catherine's ward, enquiring about her condition. Following a hospital inquiry and a public backlash against the hoax, Jacintha Saldanha, the nurse who put the call through to the ward, committed suicide.[358] The radio hosts subsequently apologised for their actions.[359] With William being photographed by members of the press during their 2016 royal tour of Canada In February 2013, Chi published the first photos of Catherine's exposed pregnant belly, taken during her vacation on the private island of Mustique. The British press refused to publish the paparazzi shots.[360] While Catherine was visiting the Blue Mountains in Sydney, a picture was taken of her bare bottom as her dress blew up. Many newspapers outside the United Kingdom published the picture.[361] In October 2014, Catherine and William sent a legal letter to a freelance photographer who had put their son George and his nanny "under surveillance", asking the individual to stop "harassing and following" them.[362] On 14 August 2015, Kensington Palace published a letter detailing what it stated were the "dangerous" and invasive efforts of the media to get paparazzi pictures of Prince George and Princess Charlotte. Jason Knauf, communications secretary to the Cambridges, wrote the letter to media standards organisations in various countries.[363] In March 2019, the royal family introduced new rules for followers commenting on its official social media accounts in response to the online abuse aimed at Catherine and her sister-in-law Meghan.[364] In May 2020, Kensington Palace said that the cover story of Tatler magazine titled "Catherine the Great" contained "a swathe of inaccuracies and false misrepresentations". Despite the palace's statement that most of the material was not given to them before publication, the magazine's editor-in-chief announced that he would stand behind the story as the palace had been aware of it for months.[365] In September 2020, after pressure from the couple's lawyers, the magazine removed remarks on Catherine's family and other similar claims from the online version of the story.[366] Photograph controversy Further information: Where is Kate? § Mother's Day photograph In March 2024, the Associated Press, AFP, Reuters and Getty Images withdrew from publishing a Mother's Day photograph of Catherine and her children, that was attributed to her husband and accompanied by a personal message from her.[367] The image was issued by Kensington Palace and was the first official photograph of Catherine to be released since her surgery in January 2024, although there had been an unauthorised photo by TMZ released outside the UK in February that year. The Associated Press later explained that they issued a "kill order" because of concerns regarding digital alteration of the image at its source.[368] AFP said it withdrew the image because of "an editorial issue",[369] whereas the Associated Press and Reuters said that Princess Charlotte's sleeve was the area that appeared manipulated, and the Associated Press also said there was "an inconsistency in the alignment" of her hand.[370] The following day, in a message posted by Kensington Palace, Catherine apologised for any confusion created and said she had personally edited the family photograph that was shared publicly.[371][372] The incident occurred after Catherine began chemotherapy treatment for cancer.[373] Titles, styles, honours, and arms Main article: List of titles and honours of Catherine, Princess of Wales Titles and styles Upon her marriage in April 2011, Catherine automatically became a princess of the United Kingdom, gained the style Royal Highness and the titles Duchess of Cambridge, Countess of Strathearn, and Baroness Carrickfergus.[374] She was normally known as "Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cambridge" except in Scotland, where she was instead called "Her Royal Highness The Countess of Strathearn".[375] On her father-in-law's accession on 8 September 2022, Catherine also became Duchess of Cornwall and Duchess of Rothesay.[376][377] Thus, she briefly held the title "Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cornwall and Cambridge".[378] On 9 September 2022, the King announced William's appointment as Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, thereby making Catherine Princess of Wales and Countess of Chester. She has since been known as "Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales", and as "Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Rothesay" in Scotland.[379][171] Honours Catherine is a Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order,[380] and a recipient of the Royal Family Order of Queen Elizabeth II.[381] Arms Coat of arms of Catherine, Princess of Wales Notes Catherine bears the arms of her husband impaled with those of her father. The family arms were granted to her father by the College of Arms on 19 April 2011. Thomas Woodcock, then Garter King of Arms, the senior officer of the College of Arms, helped the family with the design.[382] Meanwhile, the princess's entire heraldic achievement was approved by royal warrant by Queen Elizabeth II after the princess's marriage. The newly-approved arms included the addition of a new element specifically for the princess: a hind (female deer) supporter.[383] Escutcheon Quarterly first and fourth Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or armed and langed Azure second Or a lion rampant Gules armed and langued Azure within a double tressure flory counterflory third Azure a harp Or stringed Argent, with over all a label of three points Argent, and on an inescutcheon ensigned by the coronet of the heir-apparent, quarterly, Or and Gules four lions passant guardant counterchanged, ensigned by the coronet of William's degree;[384] Impaled with a shield per pale Azure and Gules, a chevron Or, cotised Argent, between three acorns slipped and leaved Or.[382] Symbolism The dividing line (between two colours) down the centre is a canting of the name 'Middle-ton'. The acorns (from the oak tree) are a traditional symbol of England and a feature of west Berkshire, where the family lived. The three acorns also denote the family's three children. The gold chevron in the centre of the arms is an allusion to Carole Middleton's maiden name of Goldsmith. The two white chevronels (narrow chevrons above and below the gold chevron) symbolise peaks and mountains, and the family's love of the Lake District and skiing.[382] The white hind supporter echoes earlier royal heraldry, such as the white hind heraldic badge of Joan of Kent, Princess of Wales.[383] Previous versions Catherine's coat of arms prior to her marriage depicted the shield from her father Michael Middleton's coat of arms shaped into a lozenge suspended from a ribbon symbolising her unmarried state. Her sister, Philippa, also used the same coat of arms prior to her 2017 marriage. Her brother, James, will in due course inherit his father's coat of arms.[382] The arms granted to her following her marriage were depicted without the Royal Victorian Order circlet, to which she was appointed in 2019. Other versions In February 2013, Queen Elizabeth II approved the conjugal arms of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, consisting of their individual arms displayed side by side, beneath a helm and coronet denoting the duke's status as grandson of the sovereign. These were released in September of the same year.[385] Ancestry Further information: Middleton family Four successive generations of Catherine's ancestors had lived at Potternewton Hall Estate, near Leeds. Catherine's father is Michael Francis Middleton, son of Captain Peter Francis Middleton, who, along with their Middleton forebears, were from Leeds, West Yorkshire.[386] Robert Lacey describes Michael Middleton's family as having aristocratic ties, with Florence, Baroness Airedale being his distant relative.[387] Both Catherine's paternal great-grandmother Olive Christiana Middleton (née Lupton) and her first-cousin-once-removed Baroness von Schunck (née Kate Lupton) grew up at Potternewton Hall Estate, the seat of the Lupton family, who are described as landed gentry and, as such, were invited to the coronation of King George V and Queen Mary in 1911.[388][389][390] Four successive generations of Catherine's ancestors had lived at Potternewton Hall Estate: Catherine's great-grandmother Olive Middleton; her father, politician Francis Martineau Lupton; his mother, educator Frances Elizabeth Lupton; and her father, epidemiologist and surgeon Thomas Michael Greenhow.[391][392][393] Catherine's maternal ancestors, the Harrisons, were working-class labourers and miners from Sunderland and County Durham.[394] Ancestors through her maternal line include Sir Thomas Conyers, 9th Baronet, who was a descendant of Edward IV through his illegitimate daughter Elizabeth Plantagenet.[395] Other paternal ancestors include Sir Thomas Fairfax and his wife Anne Gascoigne, who was a descendant of Edward III.[396][397] Bibliography Books HRH The Duchess of Cambridge, "Foreword", in: Bairsto, Alison; Black, Jill; Jeffers, Holly (2014). 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The Monuments of the Parish Church of St. Peter-at-Leeds. Maney Publishing for The Thoresby Society [and] Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society. ISBN 978-1-905981-52-6. Retrieved 21 June 2019. A Photographic Archive of Leeds, Leodis. "Headingley Castle". Leeds Library and Information Service, Leeds City Council. Archived from the original on 4 November 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2015. Rayner, Gordon (13 September 2013). "'Middle-class' Duchess of Cambridge's relative wore crown and attended George V's coronation". The Telegraph. p. 7. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015. Tominey, Camilla (28 May 2020). "The Duchess of Cambridge's Ancestor Would Have Led The Fight Against Covid 19". The Telegraph. PressReader. p. 25. Archived from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 28 June 2020. Laycock, Mike (17 March 2015). "Duchess of Cambridge's links with stately home near York revealed". The Press (York). Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015. Bradford, E. (2014). "They Lived in Leeds: Francis Martineau Lupton (1848–1921)". The Thoresby Society. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2020. Addley, Esther (30 April 2011). "The Middletons – finding common ground with the royal family". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 May 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014. Child, Christopher C. (Fall 2011). "A Gratifying Discovery: Connecting Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, to Sir Thomas Conyers, 9th Bt. of Horden, Durham" (PDF). American Ancestors. New England Historic Genealogical Society. pp. 35–36. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2013. Adolph, Anthony. "Princess Catherine". Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2013. Rayner, Gordon (13 September 2013). "Duchess of Cambridge's relative wore crown and attended coronation of George V". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2014. Further reading de Vries, Susanna (2018). Royal Marriages: Diana, Kate, Camilla. Pirgos Press. ISBN 978-1-925283-64-8. Jobson, Robert (2010). William & Kate: The Love Story. John Blake Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84454-736-4. Morton, Andrew (2011). William & Catherine: Their Story. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-64340-9. Nicholl, Katie (2015). Kate: The Future Queen. Hachette. ISBN 978-1-60286-260-9. External links The Princess of Wales at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata The Princess of Wales at the official website of the British royal family The Princess of Wales at the website of the Government of Canada Portraits of Catherine, Princess of Wales at the National Portrait Gallery, London Edit this at Wikidata Catherine, Princess of Wales at IMDb The Prince and Princess of Wales on Instagram Honorary titles Preceded by The Duke of Edinburgh as Air Commodore-in-Chief Air Commandant of the Air Training Corps 2015–present Incumbent Preceded by The Prince of Wales Colonel of the Irish Guards 2022–present Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom Preceded by The Queen Ladies HRH The Princess of Wales Followed by The Duchess of Sussex vte Catherine, Princess of Wales 9 January 1982 (age 42) Titles and honours Princess of Wales Duchess of Cornwall Duchess of Rothesay Duchess of Cambridge Countess of Chester Countess of Strathearn Lady Carrickfergus Family William, Prince of Wales (husband) Prince George of Wales (son) Princess Charlotte of Wales (daughter) Prince Louis of Wales (son) Michael Middleton (father) Carole Goldsmith (mother) Philippa Matthews (sister) James Middleton (brother) Lupton family (paternal ancestors) Events and charities Wedding guests Overseas visits 2011 Canadian Tour 2014 Australian and New Zealand Tour The Royal Foundation Fashion Engagement dress Wedding dress Popular culture Portraits Portrait of Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge (2013) Portrait of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge (2022) Publications Hold Still: A Portrait of Our Nation in 2020 (2021) Film and television William & Kate: The Movie (2011) South Park: Royal Pudding (2011) William & Catherine: A Royal Romance (2011) The Windsors (TV series, 2016–2020; play, 2021) Spitting Image (2020–21) The Prince (2021) The Crown (2023) Other Where is Kate? Animals Lupo Homes Nottingham Cottage Kensington Palace Anmer Hall Adelaide Cottage Links to related articles vte British princesses by marriage The generations include wives of princes descended from George I, who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family. 1st generation Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach 2nd generation Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 3rd generation Maria Walpole Anne Luttrell 4th generation Duchess Caroline of Brunswick Princess Frederica Charlotte of Prussia Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld Duchess Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel The Princess Mary* 5th generation Princess Marie of Saxe-Altenburg 6th generation Princess Alexandra of Denmark Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont Princess Thyra of Denmark 7th generation Princess Victoria Mary of Teck Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife* Princess Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia 8th generation Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark 9th generation Birgitte van Deurs Henriksen Katharine Worsley Baroness Marie-Christine von Reibnitz 10th generation Lady Diana Spencer Camilla Shand Sarah Ferguson Sophie Rhys-Jones 11th generation Catherine Middleton Meghan Markle *also a British princess in her own right Princesses whose titles were removed due to loss of husband's eligibility or divorce are shown in italics. vte Princesses of Wales and Duchesses of Cornwall Joan, Countess of Kent (1361–1376) Lady Cecily Neville (1460; disputed) Lady Anne Neville (1470–1471) Infanta Catherine of Aragon (1501–1502) Princess Caroline of Ansbach (1714–1727) Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1736–1751) Princess Caroline of Brunswick (1795–1820) Princess Alexandra of Denmark (1863–1901) Princess Victoria Mary of Teck (1901–1910) Lady Diana Spencer (1981–1996) Camilla Shand* (2005–2022) Catherine Middleton (2022–present) * Though legally Princess of Wales, she did not use the title vte Duchesses of Cambridge Princess Caroline of Ansbach (1705–1727) Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel (1818–1889) Catherine Middleton (2011–present) vte Duchesses of Rothesay Marjorie Douglas (1400–1402) Princess Caroline of Ansbach (1714–1727) Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha (1736–1751) Princess Caroline of Brunswick (1795–1820) Princess Alexandra of Denmark (1863–1901) Princess Victoria Mary of Teck (1901–1910) Lady Diana Spencer (1981–1996) Camilla Shand (2005–2022) Catherine Middleton (2022–present) vte Order of precedence in England and Wales (ladies)* Royal family The Queen The Princess of Wales The Duchess of Sussex Princess Charlotte of Wales Princess Lilibet of Sussex The Duchess of Edinburgh The Princess Royal Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor Zara Tindall The Duchess of Gloucester The Duchess of Kent Princess Michael of Kent Lady Sarah Chatto Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy High Officers of State Penny Mordaunt, Lord President of the Council *not including short-term appointments, visiting dignitaries and most peers Portals: icon Monarchy Royalty flag United Kingdom flag England icon London flag Scotland flag Wales icon Northern Ireland flag Australia flag Belize flag Canada flag Jamaica flag New Zealand flag Tuvalu Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Artists Te Papa (New Zealand) People Deutsche Synchronkartei Trove Other IdRef Categories: Catherine, Princess of Wales1982 birthsLiving people20th-century British people21st-century British people20th-century British women21st-century British womenAlumni of the University of St AndrewsBritish baronessesBritish countessesDames Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian OrderDuchesses of CambridgeDuchesses of CornwallDuchesses of RothesayEnglish AnglicansHuffPost bloggersHouse of WindsorMental health activistsMiddleton family (British)Mountbatten-Windsor familyPeople educated at Downe House SchoolPeople educated at Marlborough CollegePeople educated at St Andrew's School, PangbournePeople from BuckleburyPeople from Reading, BerkshirePrincesses of WalesWives of British princes King Charles III became king on 8th September 2022 on the death of his mother Queen Elizabeth II. He has reigned for 1 years, 6 months, and 18 days. He was crowned in Westminster Abbey on Saturday 6th May 2023. See King Charles Coronation. He was born on 14th November 1948, and is 75 years, 4 months, and 11 days old. His wife is Queen Camilla. His mother Queen Elizabeth II reigned for 70 years, 7 months and 1 day, and was the oldest and longest reigning monarch in over 1,200 years of British History. See British Kings & Queens by Length of Reign. Charles III is the 33rd great-grandson of King Alfred the Great who was the first effective King of England 871-899. See Royal Family Tree. 2017 was the 100th anniversary of the House of Windsor. It was founded by Charles' great-grandfather King George V on 17th July 1917. His eldest son Prince William, who is next in line to the throne, married Catherine (Kate) Middleton in Westminster Abbey on 29th April 2011. They are now the Prince and Princess of Wales and in Scotland the Duke and Duchess of Rothesay. On 22nd July 2013 their first child Prince George was born. He is 2nd in Line of Succession to the throne after his father Prince William. Their second child Princess Charlotte was born on 2nd May 2015 and is 3rd in line. Their 3rd child, Prince Louis who is 4th in line, was born on 23rd April 2018. Charles is King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and Head of the Commonwealth of Nations. Great Britain was formed 315 years ago by the Act of Union between England and Scotland on 1st April 1707. More about Great Britain and the United Kingdom. As well as the United Kingdom, he is Head of State of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, and Saint Kitts and Nevis, where he is represented by Governors-General. The fifteen countries of which he is King are known as Commonwealth Realms, and their combined population is 150 million. He is Head of the Commonwealth of Nations comprising 54 member states and over 20% of the World's land in North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Oceania. The aims of the Commonwealth include the promotion of democracy, human rights, good governance, the rule of law, individual liberty, egalitarianism, free trade, multilateralism, and world peace. The 2.5 billion people in the member states account for almost a third of the world's population. Millionaire Article Talk Read Edit View history Tools From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Millionaire (disambiguation). A large suburban home valued at roughly $1,000,000 (2006) in Salinas, California, shown for scale of purchasing power Global share of wealth by wealth group, Credit Suisse, 2021[1] A millionaire is an individual whose net worth or wealth is equal to or exceeds one million units of currency. Depending on the currency, a certain level of prestige is associated with being a millionaire.[2] Many national currencies have, or have had at various times, a low unit value, in many cases due to past inflation. It is obviously much easier and less significant to be a millionaire in those currencies, thus a millionaire (in the local currency) in Hong Kong or Taiwan, for example, may be merely averagely wealthy, or perhaps less wealthy than average. A millionaire in Zimbabwe in 2007 could have been extremely poor.[3] Because of this, the term 'millionaire' generally refers to those whose assets total at least one million units of a high-value currency, such as the United States dollar, euro, or pound sterling. As of December 2022, there were estimated to be just over 15 million millionaires in the world according to the World's Wealthiest Cities Report 2023 by Henley & Partners. The United States had the highest number of millionaires (5.3 million) of any country, whilst New York is the wealthiest city with 340,000 millionaires.[4] In countries that use the short scale number naming system, a billionaire is someone who has at least a thousand times a million dollars, euros or the currency of the given country. Terminology The word "millionaire" was apparently coined in French in 1719 to describe speculators in the Mississippi Bubble who earned millions of livres in weeks before the bubble burst.[5][6][7] (The standard French spelling is now millionnaire,[8] though the earliest reference uses a single n.[7]) The word was first used (as millionnaire, double "n") in French in 1719 by Steven Fentiman, and is first recorded in English (millionaire, as a French term) in a letter of Lord Byron of 1816, then in print in Vivian Grey, a novel of 1826 by Benjamin Disraeli.[6] Earlier English writers also mention the French word, including Sir William Mildmay in 1764.[9] The OED's first print citation is Benjamin Disraeli's 1826 novel Vivian Grey,[6] The anglicisation millionary was used in 1786 by Thomas Jefferson while serving as Minister to France; he wrote: "The poorest labourer stood on equal ground with the wealthiest Millionary".[10] While statistics regarding financial assets and net worth are presented by household, the term is also often used to describe only the individual who has amassed the assets as millionaire. That is, even though the term statistically refers only to households, common usage is often about an individual. Net worth vs. financial assets This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) There are multiple approaches to determining a person's status as a millionaire. One of the two most commonly used measurements is net worth, which counts the total value of all property owned by a household minus the household's debts. According to this definition, a household owning an $800,000 home, $50,000 of furnishings, two cars worth $60,000, a $60,000 retirement savings account, $45,000 in mutual funds, and a $325,000 vacation home with a $250,000 mortgage, $40,000 in car loans, and $25,000 in credit card debt would be worth about $1,025,000; and every individual in this household would thus be a millionaire. However, according to the net financial assets measurement used for some specific applications (such as evaluating an investor's expected tolerance for risk for stockbroker ethics), equity in one's principal residence is excluded, as are lifestyle assets, such as the car and furniture. Therefore, the above example household would only have net financial assets of $105,000. Another term used is "net investable assets" or working capital. These practitioners may use the term "millionaire" to mean somebody free to invest a million units of currency through them as broker. For similar reasons, those who market goods, services and investments to HNWIs are careful to specify a net worth "not counting principal residence". At the end of 2011, there were around 5.1 million HNWIs in the United States,[11] while at the same time there were 11 million millionaires[12] in a total of 3.5 million millionaire households,[13] including those 5.1 million HNWIs. In the real estate bubble up to 2007, average house prices in some U.S. regions exceeded $1 million, but many homeowners owed large amounts to banks holding mortgages on their homes. For this reason, there are many people in million-dollar homes whose net worth is far short of a million—in some cases, the net worth is actually negative. Influence While millionaires constitute only a small percentage of the population, they hold substantial control over economic resources, with the most powerful and prominent individuals usually ranking among them. The total amount of money held by millionaires can equal the amount of money held by a far higher number of poor people. The Gini coefficient, and other measures in economics, estimated for each country, are useful for determining how many of the poorest people have the equivalent total wealth of the few richest in the country. Forbes and Fortune magazines maintain lists of people based on their net worth and are generally considered authorities on the subject. Forbes listed 1,645 dollar billionaires in 2014, with an aggregate net worth of $6.4 trillion, an increase from $5.4 trillion the previous year.[14] (see US-dollar billionaires in the world). According to a report by Hurun, a market research firm based in China, the global billionaire population stood at 3,381 in 2022.[15] Sixteen percent of millionaires inherited their fortunes. Forty-seven percent of millionaires are business owners. Twenty-three percent of the world's millionaires got that way through paid work, consisting mostly of skilled professionals or managers.[16] Millionaires are, on average, 61 years old with $3.05 million in assets.[17] Historical worth Depending on how it is calculated, a million US dollars in 1900 is equivalent to $35.2 million (in 2022).[18] $24.8 million using the consumer price index, $61.4 million using the gold price[19] Thus one would need to have almost thirty million dollars today to have the purchasing power of a US millionaire in 1900, or more than 100 million dollars to have the same impact on the US economy. Multimillionaire "Multi Millionaire" redirects here. For other uses, see Multi-Millionaire (disambiguation). Dated ways of describing someone worth n millions are "n-fold millionaire" and "millionaire n times over". Still commonly used is multimillionaire, which refers to individuals with net assets of 2 million or more of a currency.[20] There are approximately 584,000 US$ multimillionaires who have net assets of $10M+ worldwide in 2017.[21] Roughly 1.5% of US$ millionaires are "ultra-high-net-worth individuals" (ultra-HNWIs), defined as those with a net worth or wealth of $30 million or more. There are approximately 226,000 ultra-HNWIs in the world in 2017, according to Wealth-X.[22] The rising prevalence of people possessing ever increasing quantities of wealth has given rise to additional terms to further differentiate millionaires. Individuals with net assets of 100 million or more of a currency are commonly termed centimillionaires,[23] or more rarely hectomillionaires.[24] HNWI population Number of millionaires and ultra-millionaires (more than $30M) High-net-worth individuals (those with financial assets, not including the residence, greater than a million US dollars). HNWI Wealth Distribution (by Region)[25] Region HNWI Population HNWI Wealth Global 12 million $46.2 trillion North America 3.73 million $12.7 trillion Asia-Pacific 3.68 million $12.0 trillion Europe 3.41 million $10.9 trillion Latin America 0.52 million $7.5 trillion Middle East 0.49 million $1.8 trillion Africa 0.14 million $1.3 trillion Global cities with the most super-wealthy millionaires per capita (higher than $30 million) According to wealth research group Wealth-X that released its latest UHNW Cities report, showing the residential footprint of the world's top ultra-high net worth (UHNW) individual cities. Excluding Monaco – which has very high UHNWI density – Geneva has the highest density of super-wealthy people per capita in the world. The city is known as the most compact metropolitan area, and also enjoys a concentration of affluence. Singapore has the second-highest concentration, followed by San Jose, the center of Silicon Valley, and the largest city in Northern California. While New York City leads in terms of overall UHNW footprint, London has a similar number of UHNW "second homers" despite a considerably smaller population. Paris features as the second-highest European city, after London, Wealth-X said. Among suburbs and smaller towns, Beverly Hills has the highest overall number of UHNW residents, and Aspen has the highest concentration on a per capita basis, the report showed. Ultra-high net worth individuals are defined by Wealth-X as those whose total net worth is higher than $30 million (R400 million).[26] Number of UHNWIs per country The following is a list of the countries with the most Ultra high-net-worth individuals (UHNWI) as of November 2019 as per the 2020 Knight Frank's Wealth Report.[27] Rank Country Number of UHNWIs (2019) 1 United States United States 240,575 2 China China 61,587 3 Germany Germany 23,078 4 France France 18,776 5 Japan Japan 17,013 6 United Kingdom UK 14,367 7 Italy Italy 10,701 8 Canada Canada 9,325 9 Russia Russia 8,924 10 Switzerland Switzerland 8,395 11 Spain Spain 6,475 12 India India 5,986 13 South Korea South Korea 5,847 14 Sweden Sweden 5,174 15 Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia 5,100 Countries by number and percentage of millionaires * indicates "Economy of LOCATION" links. List of selected countries by Credit Suisse (2021)[1] Location Number of millionaires (USD) Share of global millionaires (USD) (%) % of millionaires (USD) (% of adult population) United States * 21,951,202 39.1 8.8 China * 5,279,467 9.4 0.5 Japan * 3,662,407 6.5 3.5 Germany * 2,952,710 5.3 4.3 France * 2,498,939 4.4 4.9 United Kingdom * 2,490,952 4.4 4.7 Australia * 1,804,644 3.2 9.4 Canada * 1,681,969 3.0 5.6 Italy * 1,479,830 2.6 3.0 Spain * 1,146,911 2.0 3.0 South Korea * 1,051,104 1.9 2.5 Netherlands * 1,039,239 1.9 7.7 Switzerland * 1,034,918 1.8 14.9 India * 697,655 1.2 0.1 Taiwan * 608,997 1.1 3.1 Sweden * 570,439 1.0 7.3 Hong Kong * 520,000 0.9 8.3 Belgium * 514,859 0.9 5.7 Austria * 346,172 0.6 4.8 Denmark * 306,823 0.5 6.7 Singapore * 269,925 0.5 5.5 Russia * 268,550 0.5 0.2 Mexico * 264,034 0.5 0.3 Saudi Arabia * 236,000 0.4 1.0 New Zealand * 225,487 0.4 6.3 Brazil * 207,000 0.4 0.1 Ireland * 181,727 0.3 5.0 Norway * 176,630 0.3 4.2 Indonesia * 171,740 0.3 0.1 United Arab Emirates * 169,113 0.3 2.1 Israel * 164,899 0.3 2.9 Poland * 149,120 0.3 0.5 Portugal * 136,430 0.2 1.6 Turkey * 115,473 0.2 0.2 Thailand * 86,216 0.2 0.2 Finland * 85,114 0.2 1.9 Philippines * 81,000 0.1 0.1 Kuwait * 78,650 0.1 2.5 Greece * 72,367 0.1 0.9 Egypt * 70,000 0.1 0.1 Number of millionaires by city As of December 2022, New York is the wealthiest city in the world with 340,000 HNWIs according to the World's Wealthiest Cities Report 2023 by Henley & Partners.[28] The amount of wealth held by people in New York City is nearly $3 trillion.[29] Some places have a sharp, quantitative increase in seasonal wealthy residents including cities like Paris and Miami, Rocky Mountains ski towns like Aspen, and various beachfront towns of the French Riviera like Cannes.[28] Rank City Number of millionaires (2022)[28] Millionaire increase 2012-2022[28] Wealth held by residents(2021)[29] 1 United States New York City 340,000 40% $2.9T 2 Japan Tokyo 290,300 -5% $2.5T 3 United States San Francisco Bay Area 285,000 68% $2.6T 4 United Kingdom London 258,000 -15% $2.3T 5 Singapore Singapore 240,100 40% 6 United States Los Angeles 205,400 35% $1.3T 7 Hong Kong Hong Kong 129,500 -27% 8 China Beijing 128,200 70% $2.0T 9 China Shanghai 127,200 72% $1.8T 10 Australia Sydney 126,900 35% $1.1T Disparity in United States Main article: American upper class There is a wide disparity in the estimates of the number of millionaires residing in the United States. A quarterly report prepared by the Economist Intelligence Unit on behalf of Barclays Wealth in 2007 estimated that there were 16.6 million millionaires in the US.[30] At the end of 2011, there were around 5.1 million HNWIs in the US,[11] while at the same time, there were 11 million millionaires[12] in a total of 3.5 million millionaire households,[13] including those 5.1 million HNWIs. According to TNS Financial Services, as reported by CNN Money, 2 million households in the US alone had a net worth of at least $1 million excluding primary residences in 2005.[31] According to TNS, in mid-2006 the number of millionaire US households was 9.3 million, with an increase of half a million since 2005.[32] The study found that half of all millionaire households in the US were headed by retirees. In 2004 the United States saw a "33 percent increase over the 6.2 million households that met that criteria [sic] in 2003", fueled largely by the country's real estate boom.[33] A report by Capgemini for Merrill Lynch on the other hand stated that in 2007 there were approximately 3,028,000 households in the United States who held at least US$1 million in financial assets, excluding collectibles, consumables, consumer durables and primary residences.[34] According to TNS Financial Services, Los Angeles County, California, had the highest number of millionaires,[35] totalling over 262,800 households in mid-2006.[32] Top 10 counties by HNWIs (more than $1 million, in 2009)[36] County State Metro area Number of millionaire households Los Angeles County California Los Angeles 268,138 Cook County Illinois Chicago 171,118 Orange County California Los Angeles 116,157 Maricopa County Arizona Phoenix 113,414 San Diego County California San Diego 102,138 Harris County Texas Houston 99,504 Nassau County New York New York 79,704 Santa Clara County California San Francisco 74,824 Palm Beach County Florida Miami 71,221 King County Washington Seattle 68,390 See also Look up millionaire in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Aggregate demand Billionaire Business oligarch Distribution of wealth High-net-worth individual Upper middle class Upper class Six figure income Wealth concentration Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (game show) The Millionaire Next Door (book) Moscow Millionaire Fair Pierre Lorillard II (first American to be designated a "millionaire") List of African millionaires Lists of billionaires Sunday Times Rich List References Wikiquote has quotations related to Millionaire. "Global Wealth Databook 2021" (PDF). Credit Suisse. Retrieved 24 June 2021.Page 130 features the number of millionaires. Share of millionaires in the population was obtained by dividing the number of millionaires by the number of adults, rounded to decimals. Marlys Harris. How to marry a billionaire. Money Magazine. 21 June 2007. Archived 1 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine Hungwe, Brian (6 February 2014). "Zimbabwe's multi-currency confusion". BBC News. Retrieved 31 March 2019. "World's Wealthiest Cities Report 2023". 2023. DeJean, Joan (2018). "Chaptrer Twelve: The Invention of Money". The Queen's Embroiderer: A True Story of Paris, Lovers, Swindlers, and the First Stock Market Crisis. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. fn.15. ISBN 9781632864765. Retrieved 11 October 2019. "Millionaire (n. and adj.)". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 20 July 2008. 1816 BYRON Let. 23 June (1976) V. 80 He is still worth at least 50-000 pds—being what is called here [sc. Evian] a 'Millionaire' that is in Francs & such Lilliputian coinage. 1826 B. DISRAELI Vivian Grey I. ix, Were I the son of a Millionaire, or a noble, I might have all. Buchet, Pierre-François, ed. (October 1719). "Faits Fugitifs". Mercure de France (in French). Paris: 201. Retrieved 11 October 2019. "millionaire". English to French Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 11 October 2019. Mildmay, Sir William (1764). An Account of the Southern Maritime Provinces of France: Representing the Distress to which They Were Reduced at the Conclusion of the War in 1748. Thomas Harrison. p. 88. Retrieved 11 October 2019. several persons became bankrupt, who, before the war [of the Austrian Succession], were esteemed amongst the number of their millionaires; a term given to their rich merchants and brokers, when supposed to be worth a million of livres "Millionary, n. and adj". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 21 July 2008. 1786 T. JEFFERSON Observ. on Démeunier's Manuscript 22 June in Papers (1954) X. 52 The poorest labourer stood on equal ground with the wealthiest Millionary Bennettsmith, Meredith (2 November 2012). "Number of high net worth individuals in US". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2 November 2012. "Number of millionaires in US". Business Insider. Retrieved 2 November 2012. "Number of millionaire households in US". Retrieved 2 November 2012. "Inside The 2014 Forbes Billionaires List: Facts And Figures". Forbes. Block, Fang. "U.S. Boasts 38% of the World's Population of Centi-Millionaires". Barron's. The Economist: A special report on global leaders, More millionaires than Australians, 20 January 2011, pp. 4–7. "Fidelity Survey Finds 86 Percent of Millionaires are Self-Made". Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved 29 February 2024. "Gold price trend". "Definition of MULTIMILLIONAIRE". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 7 November 2021. "Map: Visualizing the Global Shift in Wealth Over 10 Years". www.visualcapitalist.com. 26 January 2018. Group, The Superyacht (30 January 2018). "Reducing waste and increasing value - SuperyachtNews". Superyacht News. "Definition of CENTIMILLIONAIRE". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 7 November 2021. Durgy, Edwin. "Oh Snap! Shutterstock Founder Jon Oringer Is A Billionaire". Forbes. Retrieved 7 November 2021. "World Wealth Report 2013". Capgemini. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2014. "Global cities with the most millionaires per capita". go.wealthx.com. "Mapped: The World's Ultra-Rich, by Country". www.visualcapitalist.com. 14 April 2020. "World's Wealthiest Cities Report 2023". Henley & Partners. 2023. "The Wealthiest Cities in the World 2021". New World Wealth. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2023. Barclays Wealth Insights. Volume 5: Evolving Fortunes. Barclays (2008). p. 11 Sahadi, Jeanne (28 March 2006). "Top 10 millionaire counties". CNN. Retrieved 12 May 2010. TNS :: TNS Reports Record Breaking Number of Millionaires in the USA Archived 4 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Tnsglobal.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-23. Sahadi, Jeanne. (2004-11-16) Real Estate investments as the main source of growth among millionaire households, according to CNN Money. Money.cnn.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-23. "report by Merrill Lynch and Capgemini" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 13 October 2011. (2.41 MB) (p. 35) "Top 10 millionaire counties. No 1. Los Angeles County, California". CNN. Retrieved 12 May 2010. Top 10 U.S. Counties With The Most Millionaires. Streetdirectory.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-23. vte Extreme wealth Concepts Capital accumulation OveraccumulationEconomic inequality Wealth distributionIncome distributionConsumption distributionInternational inequalityEliteOligarchyOverclassPlutocracyPlutonomy Primitive accumulation of capitalUpper class Nouveau riche (new money)Vieux riche (old money)Luxury goods Veblen goods Conspicuous consumptionConspicuous leisure People BillionaireCaptain of industryHigh-net-worth individual UHNWIMagnate BusinessMillionaireOligarch BusinessRussianUkrainianRobber baron Wealth ConcentrationDistributionDynasticEffectGeographyInheritedManagementNationalPaperReligionTax Lists People Forbes list of billionairesList of centibillionairesFemale billionairesRichest royalsWealthiest AmericansWealthiest families Organizations Largest companies by revenueLargest corporate profits and lossesLargest corporations by market capitalizationLargest financial services companies by revenueLargest manufacturing companies by revenueLargest software companies by revenueLargest technology companies by revenueCharities PhilanthropistsUniversities Endowment sizeNumber of billionaire alumni Other Cities by number of billionairesCountries by number of billionairesCountries by total wealthCountries by wealth inequalityWealth inequality in the United StatesIncome inequality in the United StatesMost expensive items by categoryWealthiest animals Related Diseases of affluence AffluenzaAcquired situational narcissismArgumentum ad crumenamProsperity theology Philanthropy Gospel of WealthThe Giving PledgePhilanthrocapitalismVenture philanthropy Sayings The rich get richer and the poor get poorerSocialism for the rich and capitalism for the poorToo big to fail Media Das KapitalPlutus Greek god of wealthSuperclass ListThe Theory of the Leisure ClassWealthThe Wealth of Nations Category by country Authority control databases: National Edit this at Wikidata IsraelUnited StatesCzech Republic Category: Distribution of wealth Elizabeth II Head of the Commonwealth Formal photograph of Elizabeth facing right Formal photograph, 1958 Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms (list) Reign 6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022 Coronation 2 June 1953 Predecessor George VI Successor Charles III Born Princess Elizabeth of York 21 April 1926 Mayfair, London, England Died 8 September 2022 (aged 96) Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire, Scotland Burial 19 September 2022 King George VI Memorial Chapel, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle Spouse Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (m. 1947; died 2021) Issue Detail Charles III Anne, Princess Royal Prince Andrew, Duke of York Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Forfar Names Elizabeth Alexandra Mary House Windsor Father George VI Mother Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon Signature Elizabeth's signature in black ink Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during her lifetime and 15 at the time of her death. Her reign of 70 years and 214 days was the longest of any British monarch and the longest verified reign of any female monarch in history. Elizabeth was born in Mayfair, London, as the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother). Her father acceded to the throne in 1936 upon the abdication of his brother Edward VIII, making then-Princess Elizabeth the heir presumptive. She was educated privately at home and began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. In November 1947, she married Philip Mountbatten, a former prince of Greece and Denmark, and their marriage lasted 73 years until his death in 2021. They had four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward. When her father died in February 1952, Elizabeth—then 25 years old—became queen of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (known today as Sri Lanka), as well as Head of the Commonwealth. Elizabeth reigned as a constitutional monarch through major political changes such as the Troubles in Northern Ireland, devolution in the United Kingdom, the decolonisation of Africa, and the United Kingdom's accession to the European Communities and withdrawal from the European Union. The number of her realms varied over time as territories gained independence and some realms became republics. As queen, Elizabeth was served by more than 170 prime ministers across her realms. Her many historic visits and meetings included state visits to China in 1986, to Russia in 1994, and to the Republic of Ireland in 2011, and meetings with five popes. Significant events included Elizabeth's coronation in 1953 and the celebrations of her Silver, Golden, Diamond, and Platinum jubilees in 1977, 2002, 2012, and 2022, respectively. Although she faced occasional republican sentiment and media criticism of her family—particularly after the breakdowns of her children's marriages, her annus horribilis in 1992, and the death in 1997 of her former daughter-in-law Diana, Princess of Wales—support for the monarchy in the United Kingdom remained consistently high throughout her lifetime, as did her personal popularity.[1] Elizabeth died in September 2022 at Balmoral Castle in Aberdeenshire, at the age of 96, and was succeeded by her eldest child, King Charles III. Her state funeral was the first to be held in the United Kingdom since that of Winston Churchill in 1965. Early life Elizabeth as a thoughtful-looking toddler with curly, fair hair On the cover of Time, April 1929 Elizabeth as a rosy-cheeked young girl with blue eyes and fair hair Portrait by Philip de László, 1933 Princess Elizabeth was born at 02:40 (GMT) on 21 April 1926,[2] during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George V. Her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI), was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother), was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. Princess Elizabeth was delivered by Caesarean section at 17 Bruton Street in Mayfair, which was her grandfather Lord Strathmore's London home.[3] She was baptised by the Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May,[4][a] and named Elizabeth after her mother; Alexandra after her paternal great-grandmother, who had died six months earlier; and Mary after her paternal grandmother.[6] Called "Lilibet" by her close family,[7] based on what she called herself at first,[8] she was cherished by her grandfather George V, whom she affectionately called "Grandpa England",[9] and her regular visits during his serious illness in 1929 were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery.[10] Elizabeth's only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930. The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford.[11] Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature, and music.[12] Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family.[13] The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her attitude of responsibility.[14] Others echoed such observations: Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as "a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant."[15] Her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as "a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved".[16] Heir presumptive During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the British throne, behind her uncle Edward and her father. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, as Edward was still young and likely to marry and have children of his own, who would precede Elizabeth in the line of succession.[17] When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second in line to the throne, after her father. Later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis.[18] Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, taking the regnal name George VI. Since Elizabeth had no brothers, she became heir presumptive. If her parents had subsequently borne a son, he would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession, which was determined by the male-preference primogeniture in effect at the time.[19] Elizabeth received private tuition in constitutional history from Henry Marten, Vice-Provost of Eton College,[20] and learned French from a succession of native-speaking governesses.[21] A Girl Guides company, the 1st Buckingham Palace Company, was formed specifically so she could socialise with girls her own age.[22] Later, she was enrolled as a Sea Ranger.[21] In 1939, Elizabeth's parents toured Canada and the United States. As in 1927, when they had toured Australia and New Zealand, Elizabeth remained in Britain, since her father thought she was too young to undertake public tours.[23] She "looked tearful" as her parents departed.[24] They corresponded regularly,[24] and she and her parents made the first royal transatlantic telephone call on 18 May.[23] Second World War In Auxiliary Territorial Service uniform, April 1945 In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War. Lord Hailsham suggested that Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret should be evacuated to Canada to avoid the frequent aerial bombings of London by the Luftwaffe.[25] This was rejected by their mother, who declared, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave."[26] The princesses stayed at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to Sandringham House, Norfolk.[27] From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to Windsor Castle, where they lived for most of the next five years.[28] At Windsor, the princesses staged pantomimes at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought yarn to knit into military garments.[29] In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC's Children's Hour, addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities.[30] She stated: "We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers, and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our own share of the danger and sadness of war. We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well."[30] In 1943, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards, of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year.[31] As she approached her 18th birthday, Parliament changed the law so she could act as one of five counsellors of state in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944.[32] In February 1945, she was appointed an honorary second subaltern in the Auxiliary Territorial Service with the service number of 230873.[33] She trained and worked as a driver and mechanic and was given the rank of honorary junior commander (female equivalent of captain at the time) five months later.[34] Elizabeth (far left) on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with her family and Winston Churchill, 8 May 1945 At the end of the war in Europe, on Victory in Europe Day, Elizabeth and Margaret mingled incognito with the celebrating crowds in the streets of London. Elizabeth later said in a rare interview, "We asked my parents if we could go out and see for ourselves. I remember we were terrified of being recognised ... I remember lines of unknown people linking arms and walking down Whitehall, all of us just swept along on a tide of happiness and relief."[35] During the war, plans were drawn up to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales. Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for several reasons, including fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd at a time when Britain was at war.[36] Welsh politicians suggested she be made Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday. Home Secretary Herbert Morrison supported the idea, but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent.[37] In 1946, she was inducted into the Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales.[38] Princess Elizabeth went on her first overseas tour in 1947, accompanying her parents through southern Africa. During the tour, in a broadcast to the British Commonwealth on her 21st birthday, she made the following pledge: "I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong."[39] The speech was written by Dermot Morrah, a journalist for The Times.[40] Marriage Main article: Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten Elizabeth met her future husband, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, in 1934 and again in 1937.[41] They were second cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark and third cousins through Queen Victoria. After meeting for the third time at the Royal Naval College in Dartmouth in July 1939, Elizabeth—though only 13 years old—said she fell in love with Philip, who was 18, and they began to exchange letters.[42] She was 21 when their engagement was officially announced on 9 July 1947.[43] The engagement attracted some controversy. Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links.[44] Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin."[45] Later biographies reported that Elizabeth's mother had reservations about the union initially, and teased Philip as "the Hun".[46] In later life, however, she told the biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman".[47] At Buckingham Palace with new husband Philip after their wedding, 1947 Before the marriage, Philip renounced his Greek and Danish titles, officially converted from Greek Orthodoxy to Anglicanism, and adopted the style Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, taking the surname of his mother's British family.[48] Shortly before the wedding, he was created Duke of Edinburgh and granted the style His Royal Highness.[49] Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They received 2,500 wedding gifts from around the world.[50] Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown (which was designed by Norman Hartnell) because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war.[51] In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for Philip's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding.[52] Neither was an invitation extended to the Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII.[53] Elizabeth gave birth to her first child, Charles, on 14 November 1948. One month earlier, the King had issued letters patent allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess, to which they otherwise would not have been entitled as their father was no longer a royal prince.[54] A second child, Princess Anne, was born on 15 August 1950.[55] Following their wedding, the couple leased Windlesham Moor, near Windsor Castle, until July 1949,[50] when they took up residence at Clarence House in London. At various times between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British Crown Colony of Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer. He and Elizabeth lived intermittently in Malta for several months at a time in the hamlet of Gwardamanġa, at Villa Guardamangia, the rented home of Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten. Their two children remained in Britain.[56] Reign Accession and coronation Main article: Coronation of Elizabeth II Coronation portrait by Cecil Beaton, 1953 George VI's health declined during 1951, and Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events. When she toured Canada and visited President Harry S. Truman in Washington, D.C., in October 1951, her private secretary, Martin Charteris, carried a draft accession declaration in case of the King's death while she was on tour.[57] In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of the British colony of Kenya. On 6 February 1952, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of George VI and Elizabeth's consequent accession to the throne with immediate effect. Philip broke the news to the new queen.[58] She chose to retain Elizabeth as her regnal name;[59] thus she was called Elizabeth II, which offended many Scots, as she was the first Elizabeth to rule in Scotland.[60] She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom.[61] Elizabeth and Philip moved into Buckingham Palace.[62] With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed probable that the royal house would bear the Duke of Edinburgh's name, in line with the custom of a wife taking her husband's surname on marriage. Lord Mountbatten advocated the name House of Mountbatten. Philip suggested House of Edinburgh, after his ducal title.[63] The British prime minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother Queen Mary favoured the retention of the House of Windsor, so Elizabeth issued a declaration on 9 April 1952 that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house. Philip complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children."[64] In 1960, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.[65] Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret told her sister she wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorcé 16 years Margaret's senior with two sons from his previous marriage. Elizabeth asked them to wait for a year; in the words of her private secretary, "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out."[66] Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce. If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage, she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession.[67] Margaret decided to abandon her plans with Townsend.[68] Despite the death of Queen Mary on 24 March 1953, the coronation went ahead as planned on 2 June, as Mary had requested before she died.[69] The coronation ceremony in Westminster Abbey, with the exception of the anointing and communion, was televised for the first time.[70][b] On Elizabeth's instruction, her coronation gown was embroidered with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries.[74] Continuing evolution of the Commonwealth Further information: Commonwealth realm § From the accession of Elizabeth II Elizabeth's realms (light red and pink) and their territories and protectorates (dark red) at the beginning of her reign in 1952 From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the British Empire continued its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations.[75] By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established.[76] In 1953, Elizabeth and her husband embarked on a seven-month round-the-world tour, visiting 13 countries and covering more than 40,000 miles (64,000 km) by land, sea and air.[77] She became the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations.[78] During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her.[79] Throughout her reign, Elizabeth made hundreds of state visits to other countries and tours of the Commonwealth; she was the most widely travelled head of state.[80] In 1956, the British and French prime ministers, Sir Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet, discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor to the European Union.[81] In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal. Lord Mountbatten said Elizabeth was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.[82] A formal group of Elizabeth in tiara and evening dress with eleven politicians in evening dress or national costume. With Commonwealth leaders at the 1960 Commonwealth Conference The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party for choosing a leader meant that, following Eden's resignation, it fell to Elizabeth to decide whom to commission to form a government. Eden recommended she consult Lord Salisbury, the Lord President of the Council. Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the Lord Chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Churchill, and the chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in Elizabeth appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan.[83] The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led, in 1957, to the first major personal criticism of Elizabeth. In a magazine, which he owned and edited,[84] Lord Altrincham accused her of being "out of touch".[85] Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments.[86] Six years later, in 1963, Macmillan resigned and advised Elizabeth to appoint the Earl of Home as the prime minister, advice she followed.[87] Elizabeth again came under criticism for appointing the prime minister on the advice of a small number of ministers or a single minister.[87] In 1965, the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism for electing a leader, thus relieving the Queen of her involvement.[88] Seated with Philip on thrones at the Canadian parliament, 1957 In 1957, Elizabeth made a state visit to the United States, where she addressed the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the Commonwealth. On the same tour, she opened the 23rd Canadian Parliament, becoming the first monarch of Canada to open a parliamentary session.[89] Two years later, solely in her capacity as Queen of Canada, she revisited the United States and toured Canada.[89][90] In 1961, she toured Cyprus, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Iran.[91] On a visit to Ghana the same year, she dismissed fears for her safety, even though her host, President Kwame Nkrumah, who had replaced her as head of state, was a target for assassins.[92] Harold Macmillan wrote, "The Queen has been absolutely determined all through ... She is impatient of the attitude towards her to treat her as ... a film star ... She has indeed 'the heart and stomach of a man' ... She loves her duty and means to be a Queen."[92] Before her tour through parts of Quebec in 1964, the press reported extremists within the Quebec separatist movement were plotting Elizabeth's assassination.[93] No attempt was made, but a riot did break out while she was in Montreal; Elizabeth's "calmness and courage in the face of the violence" was noted.[94] Elizabeth gave birth to her third child, Prince Andrew, on 19 February 1960, which was the first birth to a reigning British monarch since 1857.[95] Her fourth child, Prince Edward, was born on 10 March 1964.[96] In addition to performing traditional ceremonies, Elizabeth also instituted new practices. Her first royal walkabout, meeting ordinary members of the public, took place during a tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1970.[97] Acceleration of decolonisation In Queensland, Australia, 1970 With President Tito of Yugoslavia in Belgrade, 1972 The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the decolonisation of Africa and the Caribbean. More than 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self-government. In 1965, however, the Rhodesian prime minister, Ian Smith, in opposition to moves towards majority rule, unilaterally declared independence while expressing "loyalty and devotion" to Elizabeth, declaring her "Queen of Rhodesia".[98] Although Elizabeth formally dismissed him, and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia, his regime survived for over a decade.[99] As Britain's ties to its former empire weakened, the British government sought entry to the European Community, a goal it achieved in 1973.[100] Elizabeth toured Yugoslavia in October 1972, becoming the first British monarch to visit a communist country.[101] She was received at the airport by President Josip Broz Tito, and a crowd of thousands greeted her in Belgrade.[102] In February 1974, the British prime minister, Edward Heath, advised Elizabeth to call a general election in the middle of her tour of the Austronesian Pacific Rim, requiring her to fly back to Britain.[103] The election resulted in a hung parliament; Heath's Conservatives were not the largest party, but could stay in office if they formed a coalition with the Liberals. When discussions on forming a coalition foundered, Heath resigned as prime minister and Elizabeth asked the Leader of the Opposition, Labour's Harold Wilson, to form a government.[104] A year later, at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, the Australian prime minister, Gough Whitlam, was dismissed from his post by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, after the Opposition-controlled Senate rejected Whitlam's budget proposals.[105] As Whitlam had a majority in the House of Representatives, Speaker Gordon Scholes appealed to Elizabeth to reverse Kerr's decision. She declined, saying she would not interfere in decisions reserved by the Constitution of Australia for the Governor-General.[106] The crisis fuelled Australian republicanism.[105] Silver Jubilee Leaders of the G7 states, members of the royal family and Elizabeth (centre), London, 1977 In 1977, Elizabeth marked the Silver Jubilee of her accession. Parties and events took place throughout the Commonwealth, many coinciding with her associated national and Commonwealth tours. The celebrations re-affirmed Elizabeth's popularity, despite virtually coincident negative press coverage of Princess Margaret's separation from her husband, Lord Snowdon.[107] In 1978, Elizabeth endured a state visit to the United Kingdom by Romania's communist leader, Nicolae Ceaușescu, and his wife, Elena,[108] though privately she thought they had "blood on their hands".[109] The following year brought two blows: one was the unmasking of Anthony Blunt, former Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures, as a communist spy; the other was the assassination of her relative and in-law Lord Mountbatten by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.[110] According to Paul Martin Sr., by the end of the 1970s Elizabeth was worried the Crown "had little meaning for" Pierre Trudeau, the Canadian prime minister.[111] Tony Benn said Elizabeth found Trudeau "rather disappointing".[111] Trudeau's supposed republicanism seemed to be confirmed by his antics, such as sliding down banisters at Buckingham Palace and pirouetting behind Elizabeth's back in 1977, and the removal of various Canadian royal symbols during his term of office.[111] In 1980, Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the patriation of the Canadian constitution found Elizabeth "better informed ... than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats".[111] She was particularly interested after the failure of Bill C-60, which would have affected her role as head of state.[111] Press scrutiny and Thatcher premiership Elizabeth in red uniform on a black horse Riding Burmese at the 1986 Trooping the Colour ceremony During the 1981 Trooping the Colour ceremony, six weeks before the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer, six shots were fired at Elizabeth from close range as she rode down The Mall, London, on her horse, Burmese. Police later discovered the shots were blanks. The 17-year-old assailant, Marcus Sarjeant, was sentenced to five years in prison and released after three.[112] Elizabeth's composure and skill in controlling her mount were widely praised.[113] That October Elizabeth was the subject of another attack while on a visit to Dunedin, New Zealand. Christopher John Lewis, who was 17 years old, fired a shot with a .22 rifle from the fifth floor of a building overlooking the parade, but missed.[114] Lewis was arrested, but never charged with attempted murder or treason, and sentenced to three years in jail for unlawful possession and discharge of a firearm. Two years into his sentence, he attempted to escape a psychiatric hospital with the intention of assassinating Charles, who was visiting the country with Diana and their son Prince William.[115] Elizabeth and Ronald Reagan on black horses. He bare-headed; she in a headscarf; both in tweeds, jodhpurs and riding boots. Riding at Windsor with President Reagan, June 1982 From April to September 1982, Elizabeth's son, Prince Andrew, served with British forces in the Falklands War, for which she reportedly felt anxiety[116] and pride.[117] On 9 July, she awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder, Michael Fagan, in the room with her. In a serious lapse of security, assistance only arrived after two calls to the Palace police switchboard.[118] After hosting US president Ronald Reagan at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visiting his California ranch in 1983, Elizabeth was angered when his administration ordered the invasion of Grenada, one of her Caribbean realms, without informing her.[119] Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press, pioneered by The Sun tabloid.[120] As Kelvin MacKenzie, editor of The Sun, told his staff: "Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals. Don't worry if it's not true—so long as there's not too much of a fuss about it afterwards."[121] Newspaper editor Donald Trelford wrote in The Observer of 21 September 1986: "The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of ... it is not just that some papers don't check their facts or accept denials: they don't care if the stories are true or not." It was reported, most notably in The Sunday Times of 20 July 1986, that Elizabeth was worried that Margaret Thatcher's economic policies fostered social divisions and was alarmed by high unemployment, a series of riots, the violence of a miners' strike, and Thatcher's refusal to apply sanctions against the apartheid regime in South Africa. The sources of the rumours included royal aide Michael Shea and Commonwealth secretary-general Shridath Ramphal, but Shea claimed his remarks were taken out of context and embellished by speculation.[122] Thatcher reputedly said Elizabeth would vote for the Social Democratic Party—Thatcher's political opponents.[123] Thatcher's biographer, John Campbell, claimed "the report was a piece of journalistic mischief-making".[124] Reports of acrimony between them were exaggerated,[125] and Elizabeth gave two honours in her personal gift—membership in the Order of Merit and the Order of the Garter—to Thatcher after her replacement as prime minister by John Major.[126] Brian Mulroney, Canadian prime minister between 1984 and 1993, said Elizabeth was a "behind the scenes force" in ending apartheid.[127][128] In 1986, Elizabeth paid a six-day state visit to the People's Republic of China, becoming the first British monarch to visit the country.[129] The tour included the Forbidden City, the Great Wall of China, and the Terracotta Warriors.[130] At a state banquet, Elizabeth joked about the first British emissary to China being lost at sea with Queen Elizabeth I's letter to the Wanli Emperor, and remarked, "fortunately postal services have improved since 1602".[131] Elizabeth's visit also signified the acceptance of both countries that sovereignty over Hong Kong would be transferred from the United Kingdom to China in 1997.[132] By the end of the 1980s, Elizabeth had become the target of satire.[133] The involvement of younger members of the royal family in the charity game show It's a Royal Knockout in 1987 was ridiculed.[134] In Canada, Elizabeth publicly supported politically divisive constitutional amendments, prompting criticism from opponents of the proposed changes, including Pierre Trudeau.[127] The same year, the elected Fijian government was deposed in a military coup. As monarch of Fiji, Elizabeth supported the attempts of Governor-General Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau to assert executive power and negotiate a settlement. Coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka deposed Ganilau and declared Fiji a republic.[135] Turbulent 1990s and annus horribilis In the wake of coalition victory in the Gulf War, Elizabeth became the first British monarch to address a joint meeting of the United States Congress in May 1991.[136] Elizabeth, in formal dress, holds a pair of spectacles to her mouth in a thoughtful pose Philip and Elizabeth in Germany, October 1992 On 24 November 1992, in a speech to mark the Ruby Jubilee of her accession to the throne, Elizabeth called 1992 her annus horribilis (a Latin phrase, meaning "horrible year").[137] Republican feeling in Britain had risen because of press estimates of Elizabeth's private wealth—contradicted by the Palace—and reports of affairs and strained marriages among her extended family.[138] In March, her second son, Prince Andrew, separated from his wife, Sarah, and Mauritius removed Elizabeth as head of state; her daughter, Princess Anne, divorced Captain Mark Phillips in April;[139] angry demonstrators in Dresden threw eggs at Elizabeth during a state visit to Germany in October;[140] and a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle, one of her official residences, in November. The monarchy came under increased criticism and public scrutiny.[141] In an unusually personal speech, Elizabeth said that any institution must expect criticism, but suggested it might be done with "a touch of humour, gentleness and understanding".[142] Two days later, British prime minister John Major announced plans to reform the royal finances, drawn up the previous year, including Elizabeth paying income tax from 1993 onwards, and a reduction in the civil list.[143] In December, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, formally separated.[144] At the end of the year, Elizabeth sued The Sun newspaper for breach of copyright when it published the text of her annual Christmas message two days before it was broadcast. The newspaper was forced to pay her legal fees and donated £200,000 to charity.[145] Elizabeth's solicitors had taken action against The Sun five years earlier for breach of copyright after it published a photograph of her daughter-in-law the Duchess of York and her granddaughter Princess Beatrice. The case was solved with an out-of-court settlement that ordered the newspaper to pay $180,000.[clarification needed][146] In January 1994, Elizabeth broke the scaphoid bone in her left wrist as the horse she was riding at Sandringham House tripped and fell.[147] In October 1994, she became the first reigning British monarch to set foot on Russian soil.[c] In October 1995, Elizabeth was tricked into a hoax call by Montreal radio host Pierre Brassard impersonating Canadian prime minister Jean Chrétien. Elizabeth, who believed that she was speaking to Chrétien, said she supported Canadian unity and would try to influence Quebec's referendum on proposals to break away from Canada.[152] In the year that followed, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana's marriage continued.[153] In consultation with her husband and John Major, as well as the Archbishop of Canterbury, George Carey, and her private secretary, Robert Fellowes, Elizabeth wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995, suggesting that a divorce would be advisable.[154] In August 1997, a year after the divorce, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris. Elizabeth was on holiday with her extended family at Balmoral. Diana's two sons, Princes William and Harry, wanted to attend church, so Elizabeth and Philip took them that morning.[155] Afterwards, for five days the royal couple shielded their grandsons from the intense press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in private,[156] but the royal family's silence and seclusion, and the failure to fly a flag at half-mast over Buckingham Palace, caused public dismay.[128][157] Pressured by the hostile reaction, Elizabeth agreed to return to London and address the nation in a live television broadcast on 5 September, the day before Diana's funeral.[158] In the broadcast, she expressed admiration for Diana and her feelings "as a grandmother" for the two princes.[159] As a result, much of the public hostility evaporated.[159] In October 1997, Elizabeth and Philip made a state visit to India, which included a controversial visit to the site of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre to pay her respects. Protesters chanted "Killer Queen, go back",[160] and there were demands for her to apologise for the action of British troops 78 years earlier.[161] At the memorial in the park, she and Philip paid their respects by laying a wreath and stood for a 30‑second moment of silence.[161] As a result, much of the fury among the public softened and the protests were called off.[160] That November, Elizabeth and her husband held a reception at Banqueting House to mark their golden wedding anniversary.[162] Elizabeth made a speech and praised Philip for his role as a consort, referring to him as "my strength and stay".[162] In 1999, as part of the process of devolution within the UK, Elizabeth formally opened newly established legislatures for Wales and Scotland: the National Assembly for Wales at Cardiff in May,[163] and the Scottish Parliament at Edinburgh in July.[164] Golden Jubilee At a Golden Jubilee dinner with British prime minister Tony Blair and former prime ministers, 2002. From left to right: Blair, Margaret Thatcher, Edward Heath, Elizabeth, James Callaghan and John Major On the eve of the new millennium, Elizabeth and Philip boarded a vessel from Southwark, bound for the Millennium Dome. Before passing under Tower Bridge, Elizabeth lit the National Millennium Beacon in the Pool of London using a laser torch.[165] Shortly before midnight, she officially opened the Dome.[166] During the singing of Auld Lang Syne, Elizabeth held hands with Philip and British prime minister Tony Blair.[167] In 2002, Elizabeth marked her Golden Jubilee, the 50th anniversary of her accession. Her sister and mother died in February and March respectively, and the media speculated on whether the Jubilee would be a success or a failure.[168] She again undertook an extensive tour of her realms, beginning in Jamaica in February, where she called the farewell banquet "memorable" after a power cut plunged the King's House, the official residence of the governor-general, into darkness.[169] As in 1977, there were street parties and commemorative events, and monuments were named to honour the occasion. One million people attended each day of the three-day main Jubilee celebration in London,[170] and the enthusiasm shown for Elizabeth by the public was greater than many journalists had anticipated.[171] Greeting NASA employees at the Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, May 2007 In 2003, Elizabeth sued Daily Mirror for breach of confidence and obtained an injunction which prevented the outlet from publishing information gathered by a reporter who posed as a footman at Buckingham Palace.[172] The newspaper also paid £25,000 towards her legal costs.[173] Though generally healthy throughout her life, in 2003 Elizabeth had keyhole surgery on both knees. In October 2006, she missed the opening of the new Emirates Stadium because of a strained back muscle that had been troubling her since the summer.[174] In May 2007, citing unnamed sources, The Daily Telegraph reported that Elizabeth was "exasperated and frustrated" by the policies of Tony Blair, that she was concerned the British Armed Forces were overstretched in Iraq and Afghanistan, and that she had raised concerns over rural and countryside issues with Blair.[175] She was, however, said to admire Blair's efforts to achieve peace in Northern Ireland.[176] She became the first British monarch to celebrate a diamond wedding anniversary in November 2007.[177] On 20 March 2008, at the Church of Ireland St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh, Elizabeth attended the first Maundy service held outside England and Wales.[178] Elizabeth addressed the UN General Assembly for a second time in 2010, again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and Head of the Commonwealth.[179] The UN secretary-general, Ban Ki-moon, introduced her as "an anchor for our age".[180] During her visit to New York, which followed a tour of Canada, she officially opened a memorial garden for British victims of the September 11 attacks.[180] Elizabeth's 11-day visit to Australia in October 2011 was her 16th visit to the country since 1954.[181] By invitation of the Irish president, Mary McAleese, she made the first state visit to the Republic of Ireland by a British monarch in May 2011.[182] Diamond Jubilee and longevity Visiting Birmingham in July 2012 as part of the Diamond Jubilee tour Elizabeth's 2012 Diamond Jubilee marked 60 years on the throne, and celebrations were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond. She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom, while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf.[183] On 4 June, Jubilee beacons were lit around the world.[184] In November, Elizabeth and her husband celebrated their blue sapphire wedding anniversary (65th).[185] On 18 December, she became the first British sovereign to attend a peacetime Cabinet meeting since George III in 1781.[186] Elizabeth, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two countries.[187] For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond.[188] On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called "the most memorable Bond girl yet" at the award ceremony.[189] Opening the Borders Railway on the day she became the longest-reigning British monarch, 2015. In her speech, she said she had never aspired to achieve that milestone.[190] On 3 March 2013, Elizabeth stayed overnight at King Edward VII's Hospital as a precaution after developing symptoms of gastroenteritis.[191] A week later, she signed the new Charter of the Commonwealth.[192] Because of her age and the need for her to limit travelling, in 2013 she chose not to attend the biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting for the first time in 40 years. She was represented at the summit in Sri Lanka by Prince Charles.[193] On 20 April 2018, the Commonwealth heads of government announced that she would be succeeded by Charles as Head of the Commonwealth, which she stated was her "sincere wish".[194] She underwent cataract surgery in May 2018.[195] In March 2019, she gave up driving on public roads, largely as a consequence of a car crash involving her husband two months earlier.[196] Elizabeth surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-lived British monarch on 21 December 2007, and the longest-reigning British monarch and longest-reigning queen regnant and female head of state in the world on 9 September 2015.[197] She became the oldest current monarch after King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia died on 23 January 2015.[198] She later became the longest-reigning current monarch and the longest-serving current head of state following the death of King Bhumibol of Thailand on 13 October 2016,[199] and the oldest current head of state on the resignation of Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe on 21 November 2017.[200] On 6 February 2017, she became the first British monarch to commemorate a sapphire jubilee,[201] and on 20 November, she was the first British monarch to celebrate a platinum wedding anniversary.[202] Philip had retired from his official duties as the Queen's consort in August 2017.[203] cvd-19 pandemic On 19 March 2020, as the cvd-19 pandemic hit the United Kingdom, Elizabeth moved to Windsor Castle and sequestered there as a precaution.[204] Public engagements were cancelled and Windsor Castle followed a strict sanitary protocol nicknamed "HMS Bubble".[205] In a virtual meeting with Dame Cindy Kiro during the cvd-19 pandemic, October 2021 On 5 April, in a televised broadcast watched by an estimated 24 million viewers in the UK,[206] she asked people to "take comfort that while we may have more still to endure, better days will return: we will be with our friends again; we will be with our families again; we will meet again."[207] On 8 May, the 75th anniversary of VE Day, in a television broadcast at 9 pm—the exact time at which her father George VI had broadcast to the nation on the same day in 1945—she asked people to "never give up, never despair".[208] In October, she visited the UK's Defence Science and Technology Laboratory in Wiltshire, her first public engagement since the start of the pandemic.[209] On 4 November, she appeared masked for the first time in public, during a private pilgrimage to the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior at Westminster Abbey, to mark the centenary of his burial.[210] In 2021, she received her first and second cvd-19 vaccinations in January and April respectively.[211] Prince Philip died on 9 April 2021, after 73 years of marriage, making Elizabeth the first British monarch to reign as a widow or widower since Queen Victoria.[212] She was reportedly at her husband's bedside when he died,[213] and remarked in private that his death had "left a huge void".[214] Due to the cvd-19 restrictions in place in England at the time, Elizabeth sat alone at Philip's funeral service, which evoked sympathy from people around the world.[215] In her Christmas broadcast that year, she paid a personal tribute to her "beloved Philip", saying, "That mischievous, inquiring twinkle was as bright at the end as when I first set eyes on him".[216] Despite the pandemic, Elizabeth attended the 2021 State Opening of Parliament in May,[217] and the 47th G7 summit in June.[218] On 5 July, the 73rd anniversary of the founding of the UK's National Health Service, she announced that the NHS will be awarded the George Cross to "recognise all NHS staff, past and present, across all disciplines and all four nations".[219] In October 2021, she began using a walking stick during public engagements for the first time since her operation in 2004.[220] Following an overnight stay in hospital on 20 October, her previously scheduled visits to Northern Ireland,[221] the COP26 summit in Glasgow,[222] and the 2021 National Service of Remembrance were cancelled on health grounds.[223] Platinum Jubilee Drones forming a corgi above Buckingham Palace at the Platinum Party at the Palace on 4 June 2022 Elizabeth's Platinum Jubilee began on 6 February 2022, marking 70 years since she acceded to the throne on her father's death. On the eve of the date, she held a reception at Sandringham House for pensioners, local Women's Institute members and charity volunteers.[224] In her accession day message, Elizabeth renewed her commitment to a lifetime of public service, which she had originally made in 1947.[225] Later that month, Elizabeth had "mild cold-like symptoms" and tested positive for cvd-19, along with some staff and family members.[226] She cancelled two virtual audiences on 22 February,[227] but held a phone conversation with British prime minister Boris Johnson the following day amid a crisis on the Russo-Ukrainian border,[d][228] following which she made a donation to the Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC) Ukraine Humanitarian Appeal.[229] On 28 February, she was reported to have recovered and spent time with her family at Frogmore.[230] On 7 March, Elizabeth met Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau at Windsor Castle, in her first in-person engagement since her cvd diagnosis.[231] She later remarked that cvd infection "leave[s] one very tired and exhausted ... It's not a nice result".[232] Elizabeth was present at the service of thanksgiving for Prince Philip at Westminster Abbey on 29 March,[233] but was unable to attend the annual Commonwealth Day service that month[234] or the Royal Maundy service in April.[235] She missed the State Opening of Parliament in May for the first time in 59 years. (She did not attend in 1959 and 1963 as she was pregnant with Prince Andrew and Prince Edward, respectively.)[236] In her absence, Parliament was opened by the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Cambridge as counsellors of state.[237] During the Platinum Jubilee celebrations, Elizabeth was largely confined to balcony appearances, and missed the National Service of Thanksgiving.[238] For the Jubilee concert, she took part in a sketch with Paddington Bear, that opened the event outside Buckingham Palace.[239] On 13 June 2022, she became the second-longest reigning monarch in history among those whose exact dates of reign are known, with 70 years, 127 days reigned—surpassing King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand.[240] On 6 September 2022, she appointed her 15th British prime minister, Liz Truss, at Balmoral Castle in Scotland. This marked the only time she did not receive a new prime minister at Buckingham Palace during her reign.[241] No other British reign had seen so many prime ministers.[242] Elizabeth never planned to abdicate,[243] though she took on fewer public engagements as she grew older and Prince Charles took on more of her duties.[244] The Queen told Canadian governor general Adrienne Clarkson in a meeting in 2002 that she would never abdicate, saying "It is not our tradition. Although, I suppose if I became completely gaga, one would have to do something".[245] In June 2022, Elizabeth met the Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, who "came away thinking there is someone who has no fear of death, has hope in the future, knows the rock on which she stands and that gives her strength."[246] Death Main article: Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II Tributes left by people in The Mall, London On 8 September 2022, Buckingham Palace released a statement which read: "Following further evaluation this morning, the Queen's doctors are concerned for Her Majesty's health and have recommended she remain under medical supervision. The Queen remains comfortable and at Balmoral."[247] Elizabeth's immediate family rushed to Balmoral to be by her side.[248] She died "peacefully" at 15:10 BST at the age of 96, with her death being announced to the public at 18:30,[249] setting in motion Operation London Bridge and, because she died in Scotland, Operation Unicorn.[250] Elizabeth was the first monarch to die in Scotland since James V in 1542.[251] Her cause of death was recorded as "old age".[252] On 12 September, Elizabeth's coffin was carried up the Royal Mile in a procession to St Giles' Cathedral, where the Crown of Scotland was placed on it.[253] Her coffin lay at rest at the cathedral for 24 hours, guarded by the Royal Company of Archers, during which around 33,000 people filed past the coffin.[254] It was taken by air to London on 13 September. On 14 September, her coffin was taken in a military procession from Buckingham Palace to Westminster Hall, where Elizabeth lay in state for four days. The coffin was guarded by members of both the Sovereign's Bodyguard and the Household Division. An estimated 250,000 members of the public filed past the coffin, as did politicians and other public figures.[255][256] On 16 September, Elizabeth's children held a vigil around her coffin, and the next day her eight grandchildren did the same.[257][258] Queen Elizabeth II's coffin on the State Gun Carriage of the Royal Navy, during the procession to Wellington Arch Elizabeth's state funeral was held at Westminster Abbey on 19 September, which marked the first time that a monarch's funeral service had been held at the Abbey since George II in 1760.[259] More than a million people lined the streets of central London,[260] and the day was declared a holiday in several Commonwealth countries. In Windsor, a final procession involving 1,000 military personnel took place which was witnessed by 97,000 people.[261][260] Elizabeth's fell pony, and two royal corgis, stood at the side of the procession.[262] After a Committal Service at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, Elizabeth was interred with her husband Philip in the King George VI Memorial Chapel later the same day in a private ceremony attended by her closest family members.[263] Legacy Main article: Personality and image of Elizabeth II Beliefs, activities and interests Petting a dog in New Zealand, 1974 Elizabeth rarely gave interviews and little was known of her personal feelings. She did not explicitly express her own political opinions in a public forum, and it is against convention to ask or reveal the monarch's views. When Times journalist Paul Routledge asked Elizabeth for her opinions on the miners' strike of 1984–85, she replied that it was "all about one man" (a reference to Arthur Scargill), with which Routledge disagreed.[264] Widely criticised in the media for asking the question, Routledge said he was not initially due to be present for the royal visit and was unaware of the protocols.[264] After the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, Prime Minister David Cameron stated that Elizabeth was pleased with the outcome.[265] She had arguably issued a public coded statement about the referendum by telling one woman outside Balmoral Kirk that she hoped people would think "very carefully" about the outcome. It emerged later that Cameron had specifically requested that she register her concern.[266] Elizabeth had a deep sense of religious and civic duty, and took her Coronation Oath seriously.[267] Aside from her official religious role as Supreme Governor of the established Church of England, she worshipped with that church and also the national Church of Scotland.[268] She demonstrated support for inter-faith relations and met with leaders of other churches and religions, including five popes: Pius XII, John XXIII, John Paul II, Benedict XVI and Francis.[269] A personal note about her faith often featured in her annual Christmas Message broadcast to the Commonwealth. In 2000, she said:[270] To many of us, our beliefs are of fundamental importance. For me the teachings of Christ and my own personal accountability before God provide a framework in which I try to lead my life. I, like so many of you, have drawn great comfort in difficult times from Christ's words and example. Elizabeth was patron of more than 600 organisations and charities.[271] The Charities Aid Foundation estimated that Elizabeth helped raise over £1.4 billion for her patronages during her reign.[272] Her main leisure interests included equestrianism and dogs, especially her Pembroke Welsh Corgis.[273] Her lifelong love of corgis began in 1933 with Dookie, the first corgi owned by her family.[274] Scenes of a relaxed, informal home life were occasionally witnessed; she and her family, from time to time, prepared a meal together and washed the dishes afterwards.[275] Media depiction and public opinion Magazines from the 1950s with Elizabeth II on their cover In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous "fairytale Queen".[276] After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a "new Elizabethan age".[277] Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "priggish schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism.[278] In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary Royal Family and by televising Prince Charles's investiture as Prince of Wales.[279] Her wardrobe developed a recognisable, signature style driven more by function than fashion.[280] She dressed with an eye toward what was appropriate, rather than what was in vogue.[281][page needed] In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour overcoats and decorative hats, allowing her to be seen easily in a crowd.[282] Her wardrobe was handled by a team that included five dressers, a dressmaker, and a milliner.[283][page needed] At Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic;[284] but, in the 1980s, public criticism of the royal family increased, as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth's children came under media scrutiny.[285] Her popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s. Under pressure from public opinion, she began to pay income tax for the first time, and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public.[286] Although support for republicanism in Britain seemed higher than at any time in living memory, republican ideology was still a minority viewpoint and Elizabeth herself had high approval ratings.[287] Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself, and the conduct of Elizabeth's wider family, rather than her own behaviour and actions.[288] Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, although Elizabeth's personal popularity—as well as general support for the monarchy—rebounded after her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana's death.[289] Meeting children in Brisbane, Australia, October 1982 In November 1999, a referendum in Australia on the future of the Australian monarchy favoured its retention in preference to an indirectly elected head of state.[290] Many republicans credited Elizabeth's personal popularity with the survival of the monarchy in Australia. In 2010, Prime Minister Julia Gillard noted that there was a "deep affection" for Elizabeth in Australia and another referendum on the monarchy should wait until after her reign.[291] Gillard's successor, Malcolm Turnbull, who led the republican campaign in 1999, similarly believed that Australians would not vote to become a republic in her lifetime.[292] "She's been an extraordinary head of state", Turnbull said in 2021, "and I think frankly, in Australia, there are more Elizabethans than there are monarchists".[293] Similarly, referendums in both Tuvalu in 2008 and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 2009 saw voters reject proposals to become republics.[294] Polls in Britain in 2006 and 2007 revealed strong support for the monarchy,[295] and in 2012, Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee year, her approval ratings hit 90 per cent.[296] Her family came under scrutiny again in the last few years of her life due to her son Andrew's association with convicted sex offenders Jeffrey Epstein and Ghislaine Maxwell, his lawsuit with Virginia Giuffre amidst accusations of sexual impropriety, and her grandson Harry and his wife Meghan's exit from the monarchy and subsequent move to the United States.[297] Polling in Great Britain during the Platinum Jubilee, however, showed Elizabeth's personal popularity remained strong.[298] As of 2021 she remained the third most admired woman in the world according to the annual Gallup poll, her 52 appearances on the list meaning she had been in the top ten more than any other woman in the poll's history.[299] Elizabeth was portrayed in a variety of media by many notable artists, including painters Pietro Annigoni, Peter Blake, Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy, Terence Cuneo, Lucian Freud, Rolf Harris, Damien Hirst, Juliet Pannett and Tai-Shan Schierenberg.[300][301] Notable photographers of Elizabeth included Cecil Beaton, Yousuf Karsh, Anwar Hussein, Annie Leibovitz, Lord Lichfield, Terry O'Neill, John Swannell and Dorothy Wilding. The first official portrait photograph of Elizabeth was taken by Marcus Adams in 1926.[302] Finances Further information: Finances of the British royal family View of Sandringham House from the south bank of the Upper Lake Sandringham House, Elizabeth's residence in Norfolk, which she personally owned Elizabeth's personal wealth was the subject of speculation for many years. In 1971, Jock Colville, her former private secretary and a director of her bank, Coutts, estimated her wealth at £2 million (equivalent to about £30 million in 2021[303]).[304] In 1993, Buckingham Palace called estimates of £100 million "grossly overstated".[305] In 2002, she inherited an estate worth an estimated £70 million from her mother.[306] The Sunday Times Rich List 2020 estimated her personal wealth at £350 million, making her the 372nd richest person in the UK.[307] She was number one on the list when it began in the Sunday Times Rich List 1989, with a reported wealth of £5.2 billion (approximately £13.8 billion in today's value),[303] which included state assets that were not hers personally.[308] The Royal Collection, which includes thousands of historic works of art and the Crown Jewels, was not owned personally but was described as being held in trust by Elizabeth for her successors and the nation,[309] as were her official residences, such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle,[310] and the Duchy of Lancaster, a property portfolio valued at £472 million in 2015.[311] The Paradise Papers, leaked in 2017, show that the Duchy of Lancaster held investments in the British tax havens of the Cayman Islands and Bermuda.[312] Sandringham House in Norfolk and Balmoral Castle in Aberdeenshire were personally owned by Elizabeth.[310] The Crown Estate—with holdings of £14.3 billion in 2019[313]—is held in trust and could not be sold or owned by her in a personal capacity.[314] Titles, styles, honours, and arms Main article: List of titles and honours of Elizabeth II Titles and styles Royal cypher of Elizabeth II, surmounted by St Edward's Crown. Personal flag of Elizabeth II 21 April 1926 – 11 December 1936: Her Royal Highness Princess Elizabeth of York[315] 11 December 1936 – 20 November 1947: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth 20 November 1947 – 6 February 1952: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh[316] 6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022: Her Majesty The Queen Elizabeth held many titles and honorary military positions throughout the Commonwealth, was sovereign of many orders in her own countries, and received honours and awards from around the world. In each of her realms, she had a distinct title that follows a similar formula: Queen of Saint Lucia and of Her other Realms and Territories in Saint Lucia, Queen of Australia and Her other Realms and Territories in Australia, etc. In the Channel Islands and Isle of Man, which are Crown Dependencies rather than separate realms, she was known as Duke of Normandy and Lord of Mann, respectively. Additional styles include Defender of the Faith and Duke of Lancaster. When conversing with Elizabeth, the correct etiquette was to address her initially as Your Majesty and thereafter as Ma'am (pronounced /mæm/), with a short 'a' as in jam.[317] Arms See also: Flags of Elizabeth II From 21 April 1944 until her accession, Elizabeth's arms consisted of a lozenge bearing the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing a Tudor rose and the first and third a cross of St George.[318] Upon her accession, she inherited the various arms her father held as sovereign. Elizabeth also possessed royal standards and personal flags for use in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, and elsewhere.[319] Issue Name Birth Marriage Children Grandchildren Date Spouse Charles III 14 November 1948 (age 73) 29 July 1981 Divorced 28 August 1996 Lady Diana Spencer William, Prince of Wales Prince George of Wales Princess Charlotte of Wales Prince Louis of Wales Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex Archie Mountbatten-Windsor Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor 9 April 2005 Camilla Parker Bowles None Anne, Princess Royal 15 August 1950 (age 72) 14 November 1973 Divorced 28 April 1992 Mark Phillips Peter Phillips Savannah Phillips Isla Phillips Zara Tindall Mia Tindall Lena Tindall Lucas Tindall 12 December 1992 Timothy Laurence None Prince Andrew, Duke of York 19 February 1960 (age 62) 23 July 1986 Divorced 30 May 1996 Sarah Ferguson Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi Sienna Mapelli Mozzi Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank August Brooksbank Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Forfar 10 March 1964 (age 58) 19 June 1999 Sophie Rhys-Jones Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor None James Mountbatten-Windsor, Viscount Severn None Ancestry Ancestors of Elizabeth II[320] See also Household of Elizabeth II List of things named after Elizabeth II List of jubilees of Elizabeth II List of special addresses made by Elizabeth II Royal eponyms in Canada Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX Notes Her godparents were: King George V and Queen Mary; Lord Strathmore; Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (her paternal great-granduncle); Princess Mary, Viscountess Lascelles (her paternal aunt); and Lady Elphinstone (her maternal aunt).[5] Television coverage of the coronation was instrumental in boosting the medium's popularity; the number of television licences in the United Kingdom doubled to 3 million,[71] and many of the more than 20 million British viewers watched television for the first time in the homes of their friends or neighbours.[72] In North America, almost 100 million viewers watched recorded broadcasts.[73] The only previous state visit by a British monarch to Russia was made by King Edward VII in 1908. The King never stepped ashore, and met Nicholas II on royal yachts off the Baltic port of what is now Tallinn, Estonia.[148][149] During the four-day visit, which was considered to be one of the most important foreign trips of Elizabeth's reign,[150] she and Philip attended events in Moscow and Saint Petersburg.[151] Russia invaded Ukraine one day later. References Citations Skinner, Giden; Garrett, Cameron (11 January 2022), "Three in five favour Britain remaining a monarchy, although support falls from 2012 peak as more become uncertain", Ipsos, archived from the original on 12 July 2022, retrieved 26 July 2022; "Queen Elizabeth II", YouGov, archived from the original on 14 September 2022, retrieved 26 July 2022; Kirk, Isabelle (1 June 2022), "Platinum Jubilee: where does public opinion stand on the monarchy?", YouGov, archived from the original on 2 June 2022, retrieved 26 July 2022; Ship, Chris (2 June 2022), "Poll: Dramatic decline in support for monarchy in decade since Diamond Jubilee", ITV News, archived from the original on 22 July 2022, retrieved 26 July 2022; Smith, Matthew (13 September 2022), "How have Britons reacted to Queen Elizabeth II's death?", YouGov, archived from the original on 11 October 2022, retrieved 12 October 2022 Titles and succession vte Elizabeth II Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms (1952–2022) Monarchies Antigua and BarbudaAustraliaBahamasBarbadosBelizeCanadaCeylonFijiGambiaGhanaGrenadaGuyanaJamaicaKenyaMalawiMaltaMauritiusNew ZealandNigeriaPakistanPapua New GuineaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSierra LeoneSolomon IslandsSouth AfricaTanganyikaTrinidad and TobagoTuvaluUgandaUnited Kingdom Family Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (husband) weddingwedding dresswedding cakeCharles III (son)Anne, Princess Royal (daughter)Prince Andrew, Duke of York (son)Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Forfar (son)George VI (father)Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (mother)Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (sister)Mountbatten-Windsor family Accession and coronation Proclamation of accessionCoronation Royal guestsParticipants in the processionCoronation chickenCoronation gownMedalHonoursAwardThe Queen's BeastsTreetops HotelMacCormick v Lord Advocate Reign Annus horribilisHouseholdPersonality and imagePrime ministersPillar Box WarRhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence Queen of RhodesiaChristopher John Lewis incidentLithgow PlotMarcus Sarjeant incident1975 Australian constitutional crisis Palace lettersMichael Fagan incident1987 Fijian coups d'étatDeath of Diana, Princess of Wales1999 Australian republic referendumPerth AgreementState Opening of Parliament 20212022Operation London BridgeDeath and state funeral reactionsqueuedignitaries at the funeral Jubilees Silver Jubilee EventsMedalHonoursJubilee GardensJubilee lineJubilee Walkway Ruby Jubilee Queen's Anniversary Prize Golden Jubilee Prom at the PalaceParty at the PalaceMedalHonoursThe Odyssey Diamond Jubilee PageantArmed Forces Parade and MusterThames Pageant GlorianaSpirit of ChartwellConcertGibraltar FlotillaMedalHonours Sapphire Jubilee Platinum Jubilee MedalBeaconsPlatinum Party at the PalacePageantPlatinum Jubilee Celebration: A Gallop Through HistoryTrooping the ColourNational Service of ThanksgivingPlatinum PuddingThe Queen's Green CanopyPlatinum Jubilee Civic HonoursThe Bahamas Platinum Jubilee Sailing RegattaThe Queen's Platinum Jubilee ConcertBig Jubilee Read Commonwealth tours Antigua and BarbudaAustralia official openingsCanadaJamaicaNew ZealandSaint Lucia Ships used HMS Vanguard (23)SS Gothic (1947)HMY Britannia State visits Outgoing State visit to SpainState visit to RussiaState visit to Ireland Incoming Pope Benedict XVIPresident Michael D. HigginsPresident Xi Jinping Titles and honours Head of the CommonwealthDefender of the FaithSupreme Governor of the Church of EnglandHead of the British Armed ForcesCommander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed ForcesLord of MannList of things named after Elizabeth IIRoyal Family OrderElizabeth CrossQueen's Official BirthdayFlags Depictions Televised addresses Royal address to the nationRoyal Christmas Message Documentaries Royal Journey (1951)A Queen Is Crowned (1953)The Queen in Australia (1954)The Royal Tour of the Caribbean (1966)Royal Family (1969)Elizabeth R: A Year in the Life of the Queen (1992)Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work (2007)The Diamond Queen (2012)Elizabeth at 90: A Family Tribute (2016)The Coronation (2018)Elizabeth: The Unseen Queen (2022) Film and television A Question of Attribution (1992 TV)Willi und die Windzors (1996)Her Majesty (2001)The Queen (2006)The Queen (2009 TV serial)Happy and Glorious (2012)A Royal Night Out (2015)Minions (2015)The Crown (2016–)The Queen's Corgi (2019)2020 Alternative Christmas message (2020)The Prince (2021) Plays A Question of Attribution (1988)The Audience (2013)Handbagged Portraits Conversation Piece at the Royal Lodge, WindsorWattle QueenPietro Annigoni's portraitsReigning QueensHer Majesty Queen Elizabeth II – An 80th Birthday PortraitThe QueenThe Coronation Theatre: Portrait of HM Queen Elizabeth IIBeautiful Portrait, The QueenQueen Elizabeth IIAlgorithm Queen Statues WindsorWinnipegLagosYork Minster Books The Queen and IThe Little PrincessesThe Uncommon ReaderWinnie-the-Pooh Meets the QueenQueen Camilla Songs "God Save the Queen" (Sex Pistols song)"Her Majesty" Stamps Machin series (list)Wilding seriesCastle seriesCanadian domestic rate stampCountry definitives Animals Corgis DookieSusan Horses AureoleBurmeseCarrozzaDunfermlineEstimateHeight of FashionHighclerePall MallWinston Related Jewels of Elizabeth IIElizabeth lineSagana LodgeVilla GuardamangiaDorgiChildren's Party at the PalaceThe Queen's Birthday PartyJeannette CharlesRosa 'Queen Elizabeth'Queen Elizabeth cake Links to related articles vte English, Scottish and British monarchs Monarchs of England until 1603 Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 Alfred the GreatEdward the ElderÆlfweardÆthelstanEdmund IEadredEadwigEdgar the PeacefulEdward the MartyrÆthelred the UnreadySweynEdmund IronsideCnutHarold IHarthacnutEdward the ConfessorHarold GodwinsonEdgar ÆthelingWilliam IWilliam IIHenry IStephenMatildaHenry IIHenry the Young KingRichard IJohnHenry IIIEdward IEdward IIEdward IIIRichard IIHenry IVHenry VHenry VIEdward IVEdward VRichard IIIHenry VIIHenry VIIIEdward VIJaneMary I and PhilipElizabeth I Kenneth I MacAlpinDonald IConstantine IÁedGiricEochaidDonald IIConstantine IIMalcolm IIndulfDubCuilénAmlaíbKenneth IIConstantine IIIKenneth IIIMalcolm IIDuncan IMacbethLulachMalcolm IIIDonald IIIDuncan IIEdgarAlexander IDavid IMalcolm IVWilliam IAlexander IIAlexander IIIMargaretJohnRobert IDavid IIEdward BalliolRobert IIRobert IIIJames IJames IIJames IIIJames IVJames VMary IJames VI Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603 James I and VICharles ICharles IIJames II and VIIWilliam III and II and Mary IIAnne British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707 AnneGeorge IGeorge IIGeorge IIIGeorge IVWilliam IVVictoriaEdward VIIGeorge VEdward VIIIGeorge VIElizabeth IICharles III Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics. vte British princesses The generations indicate descent from George I, who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family. Where a princess may have been or is descended from George I more than once, her most senior descent, by which she bore or bears her title, is used. 1st generation Sophia Dorothea, Queen in Prussia 2nd generation Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of OrangePrincess AmeliaPrincess CarolineMary, Landgravine of Hesse-KasselLouise, Queen of Denmark and Norway 3rd generation Augusta, Duchess of BrunswickPrincess ElizabethPrincess LouisaCaroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark and Norway 4th generation Charlotte, Princess Royal and Queen of WürttembergPrincess Augusta SophiaElizabeth, Landgravine of Hesse-HomburgPrincess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and EdinburghPrincess SophiaPrincess AmeliaPrincess Sophia of GloucesterPrincess Caroline of Gloucester 5th generation Princess Charlotte, Princess Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-SaalfeldPrincess Elizabeth of ClarenceQueen VictoriaAugusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-StrelitzPrincess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck 6th generation Victoria, Princess Royal and German EmpressAlice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by RhinePrincess Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-HolsteinPrincess Louise, Duchess of ArgyllPrincess Beatrice, Princess Henry of BattenbergPrincess Frederica, Baroness von Pawel-RammingenPrincess Marie of Hanover 7th generation Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of FifePrincess VictoriaMaud, Queen of NorwayMarie, Queen of RomaniaGrand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna of RussiaPrincess Alexandra, Princess of Hohenlohe-LangenburgPrincess Beatrice, Duchess of GallieraMargaret, Crown Princess of SwedenPrincess Patricia, Lady Patricia RamsayPrincess Alice, Countess of AthlonePrincess Marie Louise, Princess Maximilian of BadenAlexandra, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-SchwerinPrincess Olga of Hanover 8th generation Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of HarewoodPrincess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of FifePrincess Maud, Countess of SoutheskPrincess Sibylla, Duchess of VästerbottenPrincess Caroline Mathilde of Saxe-Coburg and GothaFrederica, Queen of Greece 9th generation Queen Elizabeth IIPrincess Margaret, Countess of SnowdonPrincess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy 10th generation Anne, Princess Royal 11th generation Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli MozziPrincess Eugenie, Mrs Jack BrooksbankLady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor1 12th generation Princess Charlotte of WalesLilibet Mountbatten-Windsor1 1 Status debatable; see Lady Louise Windsor#Titles and styles and Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor#Title and succession for details. vte Duchesses of Edinburgh Princess Augusta of Saxe-GothaDuchesses of Gloucester and EdinburghGrand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of RussiaPrincess Elizabeth of the United KingdomCamilla Shand vte Time Persons of the Year 1927–1950 Charles Lindbergh (1927)Walter Chrysler (1928)Owen D. Young (1929)Mohandas Gandhi (1930)Pierre Laval (1931)Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932)Hugh S. Johnson (1933)Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934)Haile Selassie (1935)Wallis Simpson (1936)Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937)Adolf Hitler (1938)Joseph Stalin (1939)Winston Churchill (1940)Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941)Joseph Stalin (1942)George Marshall (1943)Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944)Harry S. Truman (1945)James F. Byrnes (1946)George Marshall (1947)Harry S. Truman (1948)Winston Churchill (1949)The American Fighting-Man (1950) 1951–1975 Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951)Elizabeth II (1952)Konrad Adenauer (1953)John Foster Dulles (1954)Harlow Curtice (1955)Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956)Nikita Khrushchev (1957)Charles de Gaulle (1958)Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959)U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald A. Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960)John F. Kennedy (1961)Pope John XXIII (1962)Martin Luther King Jr. (1963)Lyndon B. Johnson (1964)William Westmoreland (1965)The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966)Lyndon B. Johnson (1967)The Apollo 8 Astronauts: William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968)The Middle Americans (1969)Willy Brandt (1970)Richard Nixon (1971)Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972)John Sirica (1973)King Faisal (1974)American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) 1976–2000 Jimmy Carter (1976)Anwar Sadat (1977)Deng Xiaoping (1978)Ayatollah Khomeini (1979)Ronald Reagan (1980)Lech Wałęsa (1981)The Computer (1982)Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983)Peter Ueberroth (1984)Deng Xiaoping (1985)Corazon Aquino (1986)Mikhail Gorbachev (1987)The Endangered Earth (1988)Mikhail Gorbachev (1989)George H. W. Bush (1990)Ted Turner (1991)Bill Clinton (1992)The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993)Pope John Paul II (1994)Newt Gingrich (1995)David Ho (1996)Andrew Grove (1997)Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998)Jeff Bezos (1999)George W. Bush (2000) 2001–present Rudolph Giuliani (2001)The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002)The American Soldier (2003)George W. Bush (2004)The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005)You (2006)Vladimir Putin (2007)Barack Obama (2008)Ben Bernanke (2009)Mark Zuckerberg (2010)The Protester (2011)Barack Obama (2012)Pope Francis (2013)Ebola Fighters: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014)Angela Merkel (2015)Donald Trump (2016)The Silence Breakers (2017)The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018)Greta Thunberg (2019)Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020)Elon Musk (2021) vte Monarchs of Canada House of Hanover (1867–1901) Victoria House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1901–1917) Edward VIIGeorge V House of Windsor (1917–present) George VEdward VIIIGeorge VIElizabeth IICharles III vte Heads of state of Barbados Queen (1966–2021) Elizabeth II Flag of Barbados.svg President (from 2021) Mason vte Heads of state of Fiji Queen (1970–1987) Elizabeth II Flag of Fiji.svg President (from 1987) Rabuka§GanilauMaraBainimarama§IloiloBainimarama§IloiloNailatikauKonroteKatonivere §Head of the military regime vte Heads of State of The Gambia Queen (1965–1970) Elizabeth II flag The Gambia portal President of the First Republic (1970–1994) Jawara Military regime (1994–1996) Jammeh President of the Second Republic (from 1996) JammehBarrow vte Heads of State of Ghana Queen (1957–1960) Elizabeth II Flag of Ghana.svg President of the First Republic (1960–1966) Nkrumah Military regime (1966–1969) AnkrahAfrifa President of the Second Republic (1969–1972) AfrifaOllennu*E. Akufo-Addo Military regime (1972–1979) AcheampongAkuffoRawlings President of the Third Republic (1979–1981) Limann Military regime (1981–1993) Rawlings President of the Fourth Republic (from 1993) RawlingsKufuorMillsMahamaN. Akufo-Addo *Acting President vte Heads of State of Guyana Queen (1966–1970) Elizabeth II Flag of Guyana.svg President (from 1970) ChungBurnhamHoyteC. JaganHindsJ. JaganJagdeoRamotarGrangerAli vte Heads of state of Jamaica Monarch (from 1962) Elizabeth IICharles III flag Jamaica portal Governor-General (from 1962) BlackburneCampbellGlasspoleCookeHallAllen vte Heads of State of Kenya Queen of Kenya Elizabeth II Flag of Kenya.svg President of Kenya Jomo KenyattaDaniel arap MoiMwai KibakiUhuru KenyattaWilliam Ruto vte Heads of State of Malawi Queen (1964–1966) Elizabeth II Flag of Malawi.svg President (from 1966) H. BandaMuluziB. MutharikaJ. BandaP. MutharikaChakwera vte Heads of State of Malta Queen (1964–1974) Elizabeth II Flag of Malta.svg President (from 1974) MamoButtigiegHyzler*BarbaraXuereb*TaboneMifsud Bonnicide MarcoFenech AdamiAbelaColeiro PrecaVella *Acting President vte Heads of State of Mauritius Queen (1968–1992) Elizabeth II Flag of Mauritius.svg President (from 1992) RingadooUteemChettiar*Pillay*OffmannBundhun*JugnauthBellepeau*PurryagBellepeau*GuribVyapoory*Balancy*Roopun *Acting President vte Heads of state of Nigeria Queen (1960–1963) Elizabeth II Flag of Nigeria.svg President of the First Republic (1963–1966) Azikiwe Military regime (1966–1979) Aguiyi-IronsiGowonMohammedObasanjo President of the Second Republic (1979–1983) Shehu Shagari Military regime (1983–1999) BuhariBabangidaShonekan (interim)*AbachaAbubakar President of the Fourth Republic (from 1999) ObasanjoYar'AduaJonathanBuhari *Civilian; headed transition to abortive Third Republic vte Heads of State of Pakistan Monarch (1947–1956) George VIElizabeth II Flag of Pakistan.svg President (from 1956) MirzaA. Khan§Y. Khan§BhuttoChaudhryZia§G. KhanSajjad*LeghariSajjad*TararMusharraf§Soomro*ZardariHussainAlvi §Head of the military regime *Acting President vte Heads of State of Sierra Leone Queen (1961–1971) Elizabeth II Flag of Sierra Leone.svg President of the First Republic (1971–1992) Cole*StevensMomoh Military regime (1992–1996) KanuStrasserBio President of the Second Republic (1996–1997) Kabbah Military regime (1997–1998) J. P. Koroma President of the Second Republic (since 1998) KabbahE. B. KoromaBio *Acting President vte Heads of State of Ceylon and Sri Lanka Monarch of Ceylon (1948–1972) George VIElizabeth II Flag of Ceylon (1951–1972).svg Flag of Ceylon (1951–1972).svg Flag of Sri Lanka.svg President of Sri Lanka (from 1972) GopallawaJayewardenePremadasaWijetungaKumaratungaRajapaksaSirisena vte Heads of State of South Africa Monarch (1910–1961) George VEdward VIIIGeorge VIElizabeth II Red Ensign of South Africa (1912–1951).svg Flag of South Africa (1928–1994).svg Flag of South Africa.svg State President (1961–1994) (under Apartheid) Charles Robberts SwartEben Dönges†Tom Naudé*Jim FouchéJan de Klerk*Nico Diederichs†Marais Viljoen*John VorsterMarais ViljoenP. W. BothaF. 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Concorde parade flight with the Red Arrows; Flower arrangement in Stafford; Routemaster in Golden Jubilee livery; Equestrian statue of the Queen erected in Windsor Park; Union Street in Aberdeen with Golden Jubilee bunting Genre Jubilee of the monarch of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms Date(s) 6 February 2002 Country United Kingdom Canada Australia New Zealand Commonwealth of Nations Previous event Ruby Jubilee of Elizabeth II Next event Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II Website goldenjubilee.gov.uk The Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II was the international celebration held in 2002 marking the 50th anniversary of the accession of Queen Elizabeth II to the thrones of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms on 6 February 1952. It was intended by the Queen to be both a commemoration of her 50 years as monarch and an opportunity for her to officially and personally thank her people for their loyalty.[1][2] Despite the deaths of her sister, Princess Margaret, and mother, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, in February and March 2002 respectively, and predictions in the media that the anniversary would be a non-event, the jubilee was marked with large-scale and popular events throughout London in June of the same year, bookended by events throughout the Commonwealth realms. Elizabeth attended all of the official celebrations as scheduled, along with her husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh; over twelve months, the royal couple journeyed more than 40,000 miles (64,000 km) to the Caribbean, Australia, New Zealand, then around the United Kingdom, and wrapped up the jubilee year in Canada.[1] Numerous landmarks, parks, buildings, and the like, were also named in honour of the golden jubilee and commemorative medals, stamps, and other symbols were issued. There were six key themes of the Golden Jubilee celebrations: 'Celebration', 'Giving Thanks', 'Service', 'Involving the Whole Community', 'Looking Forward as Well as Back', and 'Commonwealth'.[3] Queen's Jubilee message In her Golden Jubilee message, the Queen said that "this anniversary is for us an occasion to acknowledge with gratitude the loyalty and support which we have received from so many people since I came to the Throne in 1952. It is especially an opportunity to thank all those of you who help others in your own local communities through public or voluntary service. I would like to think that your work will be particularly recognised during this Jubilee year. I hope also that this time of celebration in the United Kingdom and across the Commonwealth will not simply be an occasion to be nostalgic about the past. I believe that, young or old, we have as much to look forward to with confidence and hope as we have to look back on with pride".[4] Celebrations in the Commonwealth Australia As Queen of Australia, under your constitution, and as Head of the Commonwealth, I look forward to the coming few days here. I look around tonight and I am aware both of my responsibilities, and of the pleasure those responsibilities bring. And in this Golden Jubilee year, I cannot but reflect on the extraordinary opportunity I have been given to serve the people of this great country. The way Australia evolves over the next fifty years is in your hands.[5] Elizabeth II of Australia, 2002 The Royal Australian Mint released commemorative coins to mark the Queen's Golden Jubilee.[6] To mark her Golden Jubilee as Queen of Australia, Queen Elizabeth II toured the country. She was on 27 February received in Adelaide by the Governor-General, Peter Hollingworth; the Australian viceroy, at the time, was in the midst of controversy involving allegations of child abuse cover-ups in the Anglican Church and demonstrators were present when the Queen and Prince Philip landed.[7] The royal couple undertook a five-day tour through South Australia and Queensland, which also coincided with that year's Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Coolum Beach.[8] On the Queen's Birthday holiday for 2002, services of thanksgiving were held in churches and a bonfire was lit during a party at the Governor-General's residence in Canberra.[9] Canada [icon] This section needs expansion with: [1][2][3][4][5]. You can help by adding to it. (May 2022) The Queen's official logo for her Golden Jubilee as Queen of Canada Queen Elizabeth II's official Golden Jubilee portrait for Canada Throughout the year, events were held across Canada to mark the Golden Jubilee, such as the Jubilee Levée held by Lieutenant Governor of Alberta Lois Hole, which was attended by more than 4,000 Albertans and at which Hole stated: "what we want to realize is how important the monarchy is to Canada and certainly to Alberta."[10] Royal tour Main article: 2002 royal tour of Canada Her Majesty The Queen of Canada has been unfalteringly by our side to celebrate our successes and to help us to grow together. Fifty years after her Accession to the Throne, Elizabeth II remains a symbol of continuity, stability and tradition in a world that is under a barrage of constant change. That is why Canadians are proud to celebrate the Golden Jubilee.[11] Sheila Copps, Minister of Canadian Heritage, 2002 For 12 days in October 2002, the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh toured Canada, making stops in Victoria, Vancouver, Winnipeg, Toronto, Hamilton, Hull, Fredericton, Sussex, Moncton, and Ottawa. In Nunavut, the Queen addressed the new legislative assembly, stating in her speech: "I am proud to be the first member of the Canadian Royal Family to be greeted in Canada's newest territory."[12] In the British Columbia Parliament Buildings, the Queen unveiled a stained glass window commemorating the Golden Jubilee. In Vancouver, on 6 October, the Queen, accompanied by Wayne Gretzky, and in front of a crowd of 18,000 at General Motors Place, dropped the ceremonial first puck for the National Hockey League exhibition game between the Vancouver Canucks and San Jose Sharks; this was the first time any reigning monarch, Canadian or otherwise, had performed the task.[13][14] In Saskatchewan, the Queen unveilied on the grounds of the provincial parliament the product of the Golden Jubilee Statue Project: a bronze equestrian statue of her riding Burmese, a horse gifted in 1969 to her by the RCMP. In Ontario, the Queen attended at the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's Toronto headquarters an event marking the organisation's 50th anniversary; there, she viewed exhibits and was amused by a video display showing her earlier tours of Canada in the 1950s. In Moncton, New Brunswick, the Queen and Duke attended a luncheon in Dieppe to celebrate the town's 50th anniversary and officially opened a new terminal at Greater Moncton International Airport.[15] In Ottawa, on 13 October, a multi-faith Thanksgiving celebration was held on Parliament Hill for about 3,500 people, and the Queen laid a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. A state dinner was held that evening at the Canadian Museum of Civilization in Gatineau, Quebec, at which Her Majesty said: "[I wish] to express my profound gratitude to all Canadians... for the loyalty, encouragement and support you have given to me over these past 50 years."[16][17] Legacy It was argued in retrospective analysis that the jubilee had been of benefit both to nationalism and the monarchy;[18] The Globe and Mail said: "When she daintily bent over to drop a puck at an NHL game... she achieved perhaps the most brilliant melding of symbolism in Canadian history... The Jumbotron in Vancouver's GM Place said it all, flashing the Queen's golden EIIR cypher on the giant screen atop the beer advertisement: 'I am Canadian'. The crowd went hysterical."[19] Jamaica Prince Philip and I have a unique opportunity to see and hear about these ways in which you are meeting the challenge of giving every Jamaican a stake in the future during our short visit in this year which marks both Jamaica's fortieth anniversary of Independence and my Golden Jubilee. Such anniversaries are important.[20] Elizabeth II of Jamaica, 2002 Elizabeth's first official engagements related to the Golden Jubilee took place in Jamaica. The Queen's Jubilee tour also coincided with the country's 40th anniversary of independence.[21] She arrived for the celebrations on 18 February 2002, nine days following the death of her sister, Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon; the Queen established a short period of private, though not state, mourning.[8] Elizabeth was first welcomed in Montego Bay, after which she travelled to Kingston and stayed at her Jamaican prime minister's residence, Jamaica House. Despite some anti-monarchical sentiment in the country at the time, the Queen and Duke of Edinburgh were "enthusiastically welcomed" by Jamaicans; 57% of those polled said the visit was important to the country and large crowds turned out to see Elizabeth, though there were small protests by Rastafarians seeking reparations for slavery and their repatriation to Africa.[21] The Queen received an official welcome at King's House, the Governor-General's residence, met with Jamaican veterans of the First World War,[22] addressed her Jamaican parliament, and visited an underprivileged area of Kingston, known as Trenchtown, viewing urban poverty projects while there.[21] The tour ended on a unique note when, at the final banquet in Jamaica, a power outage plunged King's House into darkness during the meal; Elizabeth described the event as "memorable".[23] New Zealand Jubilee commemorations A number of activities marking the Queen's Golden Jubilee as Queen of New Zealand, the Queen’s first visit to New Zealand as Sovereign in 1953-54, and subsequent royal visits, took place in New Zealand.[24] "Queen Elizabeth II has been Queen of New Zealand for fifty years and is held in warm regard by New Zealanders. It is fitting that we honour her on the occasion of the Golden Jubilee", said Prime Minister Helen Clark.[24] NZ Post issued a set of Golden Jubilee and Royal Visit stamps. The Reserve Bank, issued a commemorative Royal Visit coin in October 2001.[24] The Queen's Birthday and Golden Jubilee Honours 2002 were announced on 3 June.[24] An ecumenical service of thanksgiving for the Golden Jubilee was held on 7 June at the Wellington Cathedral of St Paul. The service was attended by the Governor-General and representatives of the government and the New Zealand Defence Force. Members of the public were also encouraged to attend.[24] Parliament's Visitor Centre displayed memorabilia of royal visits of past one hundred years. The Ministry for Culture and Heritage hosted an online exhibition on the 1953-54 visit on its website. New Zealanders were asked to submit the memories of the royal visit exhibition to highlight the importance of royal visits for many people.[24] Te Papa, the national museum, hosted a major exhibition on the 1953-54 royal visit which opened in May 2003.[24] Royal tour It is both a privilege and a pleasure to have served as Queen of New Zealand for these fifty years. I thank you all for the loyalty and support you have given to me throughout this time. — Elizabeth II of New Zealand, 2002[25] Following her tour of Jamaica, the Queen next toured New Zealand, making stops in Auckland, Taupo, Christchurch, and Wellington. She and the Duke of Edinburgh arrived in the country on 22 February, just after Prime Minister Helen Clark said in a speech that she felt it "inevitable that New Zealand will become a republic."[26] The royal couple were greeted by the Governor-General and other officials when they disembarked from the Royal Flight;[27] Clark was absent, as she was at a meeting of centre-left leaders in Stockholm, Sweden.[28] A low turn out was reported to see the Queen when she arrived at the airport,[27] while an estimated 4,000 people came to view the Queen in Auckland.[29] During the tour, the Queen met the world's first transsexual MP Georgina Beyer.[30] The Queen was presented with a gift from the government and people of New Zealand of the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography and the New Zealand Historical Atlas.[24] United Kingdom The official emblem of the Queen's Golden Jubilee in the United Kingdom Celebrations for Elizabeth II's Golden Jubilee took place throughout the United Kingdom between May and July 2002. In the lead-up to those festive weeks, the British media—The Guardian, in particular—predicted that the jubilee would be a failure,[31][32] arguing that Britain was no longer interested in the monarchy; a pervading sense of apathy amongst the populace seemed to confirm this. However, the predictions were proven wrong, especially during the official jubilee weekend, when people numbering in the hundreds of thousands turned out to participate in the fêtes. These festivities culminated in the 4 June event on The Mall in London, when over one million attended the parade and flypast. It was on 3 March that the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh returned to London from Australia. Eight days later, on Commonwealth Day, the Commonwealth Secretariat unveiled at Buckingham Palace a portrait of Elizabeth, painted by Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy that had been commissioned to mark the Queen's 50 years as Head of the Commonwealth;[33] the work now hangs at Marlborough House,[34][35] with a study kept as part of the Queen's collection at St James's Palace. British artist Lucian Freud had also presented the Queen with a portrait of her wearing a diamond crown at Buckingham Palace, which was commissioned by the Royal Household and later displaced at the exhibition Royal Treasures: A Golden Jubilee Celebration.[36] At the end of the month, however, the Queen was dealt another blow when her mother died on 30 March; the Commonwealth realms observed a period of mourning, and on 9 April, the day of her funeral, more than one million people filled the area outside Westminster Abbey and along the 23-mile (37 km) route from central London to the Queen Mother's final resting place beside her husband and younger daughter in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle.[37] Tower Bridge floodlit in gold in celebration of the Queen's Golden Jubilee We all have our personal memories of the Queen's reign over the last 50 years. I was just three weeks old at the time of her coronation and as a schoolboy in Durham during the 1960s, I remember seeing the Queen for the first time. It is a privilege now to serve her as her 10th Prime Minister—her first, as she reminded me in May 1997, was Winston Churchill, who was her Prime Minister before I was born. In the many meetings that I have had with Her Majesty since 1997, I have, time and again, as have my predecessors, had reason to be grateful to her for her wisdom, good sense and experience, which she always brings to the issues of the day. Tony Blair, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, 2002[38] Plans for the Golden Jubilee in the United Kingdom went ahead as planned, and, after a dinner hosted by Tony Blair at 10 Downing Street for her and all her living former British Prime Ministers (Sir John Major, The Baroness Thatcher, Sir Edward Heath, and The Lord Callaghan of Cardiff),[39] the Queen officially launched the celebrations in the UK with a speech to both houses of the British parliament at Westminster Hall on 30 April,[40] marking the fifth time in five decades that Elizabeth II addressed her British parliament on her own account. The Queen spoke of 50 unforgettable years and the changes to British life and society in that time, and elaborated that the monarchy must change also; Elizabeth said she had "witnessed the transformation of the international landscape through which [the United Kingdom] must chart its course" and declared her "resolve to continue, with the support of [the Royal Family], to serve the people... to the best of [her] ability through the changing times ahead." Amongst several other events independently organised to celebrate the Jubilee in 2002 were the British Army's staging at Portsmouth of a special parade of 6,000 personnel from all three branches of the British Armed Forces. This contrasted with the vastly larger events of past Royal Jubilee, in that there was no Royal Naval Fleet Review, or large scale Army Review. The Queen's bodyguards mounted a conjoined parade, wherein 300 members of the Gentlemen at Arms, Yeoman of the Guard, and Yeoman Warders all marched together for the first time in the centuries since their respective foundations. Elizabeth also hosted a banquet for all of Europe's reigning kings and queens, one for all her incumbent Governors-General, and garden parties at both Buckingham Palace and Holyrood Palace for people born on Accession Day 1952.[40] Around the country, street parties were organised, for which some 40,000 toolkits were distributed.[1] The Golden Jubilee Poetry competition was held for children aged from 7 to 18 which invited the children to submit a poem about how the United Kingdom changed over the last 50 years. The winner was invited to Buckingham Palace to receive a specially commissioned medal from the Queen. All entries were preserved for posterity in the Royal Archives at Windsor Castle.[41] At the Guildhall, the Queen said, "Gratitude, respect and pride, these words sum up how I feel about the people of this country and the Commonwealth - and what this Golden Jubilee means to me".[42] Goodwill visits For the Queen's goodwill visits, which commenced on 1 May, two to three days were spent in each corner of England; the Queen and the Duke first stopped in Cornwall, Devon, and Somerset before travelling to Tyne and Wear, then finally to Buckinghamshire and Berkshire. On 13 May, the couple were received in Northern Ireland, and visited such areas as County Fermanagh, Cookstown, and Omagh.[43] Then, throughout much of mid-May, the royal couple were in London devoting much time to the promotion of the arts, attending the Chelsea Flower Show, dedicating the Queen's Gallery at Buckingham Palace, and attending a reception at the Royal Academy of Arts. The jubilee trips recommenced on 23 May with a six-day trip to Scotland; the royals first stopped in Glasgow, and then travelled on to Edinburgh, Dundee, Stornoway and Aberdeen, and, following the jubilee weekend in London, the Queen and Duke of Edinburgh on 7 June toured West Sussex, spent three days in Wales, touring Anglesey, Llanelli, and Cardiff. The next month, the royal couple made two-day trips to the West Midlands, Yorkshire (where the Queen visited the set of the soap opera Emmerdale),[1] and the counties of Suffolk and Norfolk, as well as undertaking a three-day goodwill trip to Liverpool and Manchester, where the Queen opened the 2002 Commonwealth Games.[40] The Queen closed out July by touring the East Midlands, and ended her domestic tour by visiting Lancashire.[44] As part of her Golden Jubilee tour of the United Kingdom, the Queen visited a London Hindu temple, the Manchester Jewish museum, an Islamic centre in Scunthorpe and a Sikh temple in Leicester, to recognise the growth of religious and cultural diversity across the country. Other members of the royal family visited a Jain temple, a Zoroastrian thanksgiving service and a Buddhist gathering during the Jubilee year.[45] Golden Jubilee Weekend People wave their flags outside Buckingham Palace The Golden Jubilee Weekend took place between 1 and 4 June 2002 in London,[40] for which the Queen and Duke of Edinburgh left Scotland on 29 May to make final preparations. On the first evening, the Saturday, the Prom at the Palace took place in the gardens of Buckingham Palace and highlighted classical music; out of the two million who applied for tickets, 12,500 people were selected to attend,[46] making the event the largest ever held on the royal property. The crowds were entertained by the BBC Symphony Orchestra and BBC Symphony Chorus, conducted by Sir Andrew Davis, and guest vocalists included Kiri Te Kanawa, Thomas Allen, Angela Gheorghiu, and Roberto Alagna. Earlier in the day, Cardiff Bay hosted performances by Europe and the UK's street theatre artists and a gala was held at Belfast City Hall.[47] The following day, the Queen and her husband attended a church service at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, while their family were present at thanksgiving services elsewhere in the United Kingdom; the Prince of Wales and his sons, Princes William and Harry, in Swansea; the Earl and Countess of Wessex in Salisbury; and the Princess Royal in Ayr.[47] On the same day, the Welsh National Opera gave a performance in Cardiff Bay.[47] After time on 3 June touring Eton and Slough and watching a parade in Windsor,[47] Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh returned to London and the former at 1:00 pm launched the nationwide BBC Music Live Festival, in which more than 200 towns and cities across the United Kingdom publicly played the Beatles song "All You Need Is Love". During the day, street parties were held around the country,[48] and that evening, the Queen, the Duke, and other members of the immediate Royal Family, made themselves present at another concert on the grounds of Buckingham Palace; this fête, called Party at the Palace, showcased achievements in pop music over the previous 50 years, with headlining acts including Paul McCartney, Eric Clapton, Cliff Richard, and Tony Bennett. Queen guitarist Brian May commenced the event by playing his arrangement of "God Save the Queen" from the roof of the palace, and Paul McCartney concluded the night with such numbers as "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" and "Hey Jude", which were each performed before and after the Queen lit the National Beacon at the Victoria Memorial, the last in a string of 2,006 beacons to be lit in a chain throughout the world,[1] echoing Queen Victoria's own Golden Jubilee in 1887. 12,000 guests were allowed into the concert, while an additional one million people thronged The Mall to watch and listen to the festivities on giant television screens and join in with the palace audience's singing from outside the gates of Buckingham Palace,[46] and a further 200 million watched the televised event around the world.[1] Concorde and the Red Arrows ended the flypast over Buckingham Palace on 4 June On 4 June, the entire royal family and 2,400 guests attended a national service of thanksgiving at St Paul's Cathedral, to which the Queen rode in the Gold State Coach.[46] The procession to the cathedral began with a 41-gun salute in Hyde Park and 700,000 people lined the streets to watch the royal family on their way to the service.[49] The thanksgiving service was followed by lunch at the Guildhall.[49] There the Queen addressed the crowd and expressed pride at the Commonwealth's achievements, both during her reign as queen and throughout time; Elizabeth was quoted as saying: "Gratitude, respect and pride, these words sum up how I feel about the people of this country and the Commonwealth—and what this Golden Jubilee means to me."[50] Then the jubilee parade, which included 20,000 participants, started along The Mall in the early afternoon.[49][51] Veterans, volunteers, members of the ambulance service, the Automobile Association and the British Red Cross took part in the parade.[52] In addition to entertainers performing for the Queen, numerous floats were decorated to illustrate British life through the years of Elizabeth's reign and driven through The Mall.[52] The parade concluded with 5,000 adults and children from the 54 member-states of the Commonwealth of Nations marching in their various national costumes before the Queen and presenting to her a "rainbow of wishes", consisting of handwritten notes from school children across the Commonwealth. In front of more than one million people,[1] the Royal Family assembled on the balcony of the Centre Room of Buckingham Palace and watched a flypast consisting of every type of Royal Air Force aircraft in service (27 in all),[1] Concorde, and the Red Arrows. There was only one publicly noted negative event in relation to the jubilee when approximately 40 activists, mostly drawn from the anarchist Movement Against the Monarchy, were arrested during a protest in the run-up to the Jubilee Weekend.[53] Turks and Caicos Islands In the Turks and Caicos Islands, a British Overseas Territory, for the first four days of June, celebrations took place throughout the Islands, presided over by Governor Mervyn Jones. The Public Relations Department of the Tourist Board for the Jubilee Committee produced the Jubilee Souvenir Brochure, with text and images covering historical Royal Visits provided by the National Museum; only 5,000 were produced, issue number 1 being given to Queen Elizabeth II herself. The museum also provided photographs for the production of three sets of stamps, and, for the Jubilee Weekend, prepared a temporary exhibition on royal visits, with other items from the past, such as the coronation medals issued in to some local residents in 1953. Other items produced to commemorate the Jubilee were a straw crown made on Middle Caicos by Loathie Harvey and Judy Geddis, two 20-crown coins, and a badge given to all school children as a memento of the historic occasion.[54] Celebrations outside the Commonwealth The Golden Jubilee was also marked in New York City, where the pinnacle of the Empire State Building was lit in royal purple and gold. The city's mayor, Michael Bloomberg, and officials at the British consulate said the tribute was a sign of thanks both to the Queen for having had the American national anthem played at Buckingham Palace during the Changing of the Guard on 13 September 2001 and to the British people for their support afterwards.[55] It had been more than 10 years since the Empire State Building gave such an honour to an individual not from the United States; the most recent instance was when Nelson Mandela visited New York after his release from prison in 1990.[55] Monuments and souvenirs A stained glass window in Parliament Buildings, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, commemorating the Queen's Golden Jubilee Before, during, and after the jubilee year, souvenirs were created, monuments unveiled, and public works named in commemoration of the royal event. In Australia, Australia Post released a special stamp combining old and new images of Queen Elizabeth II, along with a booklet outlining the Queen's reign.[56] A trinket pot, sold as memorabilia merchandise for the Golden Jubilee In Canada, the Governor-in-Council earmarked $CAD 250,000 as a donation in the Queen's name to the Dominion Institute's Memory Project, aimed at educating Canadian youth on the experiences and contributions of the country's veterans from the First World War through to modern peacekeeping missions.[57] The provinces also marked the milestone; the Ontario Governor-in-Council, on the advice of his premier, approved the renaming of Dalton Digby Wildlands Provincial Park as the Queen Elizabeth II Wildlands Provincial Park and,[58] in Saskatchewan, an equestrian statue of Queen Elizabeth II was commissioned and erected alongside the Queen Elizabeth II Gardens on the grounds of the Legislative Building.[59] In Alberta, the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Recognition Act established the Queen's Golden Jubilee Citizenship Medal, the Queen's Golden Jubilee Scholarship for the Visual and Performing Arts, and the Premier's Citizenship Award in Recognition of the Queen's Golden Jubilee.[60] A special £5 coin was released in the United Kingdom to celebrate the event,[61] and the annual Queen's Golden Jubilee Award for volunteer service groups was founded in 2002, while private enterprises produced various ornaments and trinkets as memorabilia of the jubilee; manufacturers such as Spode created various forms of commemorative china and crystalware.[62] At Windsor Castle, the Jubilee Gardens were opened, the first new public area to be created since 1820,[1] and a 167 feet (51-metre) inverted roller coaster, Jubilee Odyssey, was constructed at the Fantasy Island theme park in Lincolnshire.[63] Cedars Park in Cheshunt, Hertfordshire had an entrance gate erected to commemorate the Jubilee. The park is of historical significance as the site of Theobalds Palace, which accommodated several royals before its destruction in the Civil War. See also icon Monarchy portal flag United Kingdom portal Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal 2002 Golden Jubilee Honours Great British Trees Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II Ruby Jubilee of Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign List of jubilees of British monarchs References The Royal Household. "Her Majesty The Queen > Jubilees and other milestones > Golden Jubilee > 50 facts about The Queen's Golden Jubilee". Queen's Printer. Retrieved 25 November 2009. Blair, Tony (23 November 2000). "House of Commons Debate". In House of Commons Library; Pond, Chris (eds.). Golden Jubilee 2002 (PDF). Westminster: Queen's Printer (published 13 January 2003). p. 5. SN/PC/1435. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2009. "Jubilee Themes". Archived from the original on 2 February 2002. Royal Household (1 June 2002). "The Queen's Golden Jubilee message". Queen's Printer. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. "Adelaide Festival Hall, Australia, 27 February 2002". Royal.uk. 27 February 2002. "Fiftieth Anniversary - Accession of Queen Elizabeth II". Royal Australian Mint. 22 January 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022. Barkham, Patrick (28 February 2002). "Queen triumphs through scandal and dust". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 December 2009. House of Commons Library; Pond, Chris (13 January 2003). "Golden Jubilee 2002" (PDF). Westminster: Queen's Printer. p. 7. SN/PC/1435. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2009. Barkham, Patrick (31 May 2002). "Australians shun jubilee celebrations". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 December 2009. Hoople, Chelsea (2002). "Alberta honours its citizens in the name of the Queen". Canadian Monarchist News. Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada. Autumn 2002. Archived from the original on 8 July 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2009. Department of Canadian Heritage. "Monarchy > The Canadian Monarchy > 2005 Royal Visit > The Queen and Canada > 53 Years of Growing Together". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 12 June 2007. Retrieved 24 May 2007. Kay, Christine; Kearsey, Tara (7 October 2002). "Royals start tour in Iqaluit". Northern News. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2009. "Queen visits GM Place to drop ceremonial puck". Spirit of Vancouver. Vancouver Board of Trade. 7 October 2002. Archived from the original on 22 November 2005. Retrieved 28 November 2009. "Queen to drop puck at Vancouver hockey game". CTV. 15 September 2002. Archived from the original on 22 January 2005. Retrieved 28 November 2009. "Queen begins visit to New Brunswick". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 11 October 2002. Retrieved 9 May 2007. "Queen begins final leg of Jubilee tour". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 13 October 2002. Retrieved 9 May 2007. ""It means something to be a Canadian": Queen". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 13 October 2002. Retrieved 9 May 2007. Pond 2003, p. 9 Valpy, Michael (15 October 2002). "Queen wraps up her visit with poignant nod to future". The Globe and Mail. pp. A1. Retrieved 13 January 2009. "Jamaican Parliament, 19 February 2002". Royal.uk. 19 February 2002. "Queen speaks to Jamaican Parliament". BBC. 19 February 2002. Retrieved 25 November 2009. "Picture gallery: Queen in Jamaica". BBC. 19 February 2002. Retrieved 25 November 2009. Brandreth, Gyles (2004). Philip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage. London: Century. p. 31. ISBN 0-7126-6103-4. "New Zealand government marks Queen Elizabeth II's Golden Jubilee". Beehive.govt.nz. 14 May 2002. Retrieved 14 February 2022. "State dinner in Wellington, New Zealand, 25 February 2002". Royal.uk. 25 February 2002. Bates, Stephen (22 February 2002). "Republican pledge greets Queen". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 December 2009. "Low turnout to welcome the Queen". TVNZ. 22 February 2002. Retrieved 22 August 2011. "Helen Clark attends centre-left flock". TVNZ. 24 February 2002. Retrieved 22 August 2011. "Royal tour draws to a close". TVNZ. 26 February 2002. Retrieved 22 August 2011. "Queen met by first transsexual MP". BBC News. 22 February 2002. Retrieved 14 February 2022. Bates, Stephen (24 January 2002). "Palace plays down fears of jubilee flop". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 December 2009. O'Farrell, John (2 February 2002). "God save the jubilee". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 December 2009. "Queen's Jubilee portrait unveiled". BBC. 12 March 2002. Retrieved 14 November 2007. Wilkins, Verna (2002). Chinwe Roy. London: Random House. ISBN 1-870516-59-1. Lock, Imogen (2003). Celebrate!. London: Sheeran Lock. ISBN 1-900123-90-8. "Freud unveils his royal portrait". BBC. 20 December 2001. Retrieved 10 June 2022. "Queues at Queen Mother vault". CNN. 10 April 2002. Retrieved 1 May 2009. Address To Her Majesty (Golden Jubilee) Katz, Laine (29 April 2002). "Former PMs gather for jubilee dinner". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 December 2009. Pond 2003, p. 2 "Poetry Competition". Archived from the original on 21 February 2002. The golden jubilee in quotes Pond 2003, p. 3 Pond 2003, p. 4 Queen to make first visit to mosque Pond 2000, p. 8 "A weekend of celebrations". BBC. 31 May 2002. Retrieved 10 June 2022. Gould, Peter (3 June 2002). "Jubilee Crescent comes out to party". BBC. Retrieved 10 June 2022. "Jubilee thanks for Queen's reign". BBC. 4 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022. Royal Household (4 June 2002). "Jubilee Journal". Royal Insight. London: Queen's Printer (June 2002). Archived from the original on 13 September 2005. Retrieved 16 September 2005. "In pictures: The world in one parade". BBC. 5 June 2002. Retrieved 10 June 2022. Duffy, Jonathan (4 June 2002). "Crowds cheer parade of nations". BBC. Retrieved 10 June 2022. "Jubilee protesters get damages". BBC. 4 February 2004. Retrieved 27 November 2009. Sadler, Nigel. "Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Celebrations". Turks and Caicos National Museum. Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2007. Stanley, Jane (5 June 2002). "Empire State dons Jubilee colours". BBC. Retrieved 4 November 2007. "Australia Post Celebrates The Golden Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II" (Press release). Queen's Printer for Australia. 11 February 2002. Retrieved 30 November 2009.[permanent dead link] "The Government of Canada offers gift in honour of Her Majesty to commemorate 2005 Royal Visit" (Press release). Queen's Printer for Canada. 2005. Archived from the original on 1 September 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2005. Ontario Parks (2006). Queen Elizabeth II Wildlands: Background Information (PDF). Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario. p. 1. ISBN 0-7794-9883-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2010. Retrieved 26 November 2009. "Queen's Statue Maquettes Presented to Donors" (Press release). Queen's Printer for Saskatchewan. 4 February 2004. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2009. Elizabeth II (20 March 2002), Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Recognition Act, 2, Edmonton: Queen's Printer for Alberta, retrieved 8 August 2010 "Great Britain : crown (£5) commemorating the Queen's Golden Jubilee. 2002". Royal Collection Trust. Retrieved 29 December 2021. Pandya, Nick (11 May 2002). "Celebrating the dawn of a golden age for royal memorabilia". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 December 2009. Marshall, Doug (4 May 2002). "Riding the highs and lows". BBC. Retrieved 24 August 2010. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II. 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Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II Article Talk Read Edit View history From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II The Mall, London on 2 June 2012 People reading newspapers commemorating the Jubilee, 5 June 2012 People of East Hoathly in East Sussex at a Jubilee Beacon lighting The Queen and members of the British royal family on the balcony of Buckingham Palace after the Thanksgiving Service, 5 June 2012 Members of the British royal family aboard the MV Spirit of Chartwell during the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant, 3 June 2012 The Diamond Jubilee Floral display at the RHS Chelsea Flower Show 2012 in London Collage of commemorations and events of the jubilee, Clockwise: Crowds at The Mall on 2 June; Jubilee Beacon lighting in East Hoathly with Halland; The Queen and members of the royal family on the balcony of Buckingham Palace after the National Service of Thanksgiving; Diamond Jubilee Floral display at the Chelsea Flower Show 2012 in London; The Queen and members of the royal family aboard the MV Spirit of Chartwell during the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant; people reading newspapers commemorating the Jubilee Genre Jubilee of the monarch of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms Date(s) 6 February 2012 Country United Kingdom Canada Australia New Zealand Commonwealth of Nations Previous event Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II Next event Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II Website www.thediamondjubilee.org The year 2012 marked the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II being the 60th anniversary of the accession of Queen Elizabeth II on 6 February 1952. The only diamond jubilee celebration for any of Elizabeth's predecessors was in 1897, for the 60th anniversary of the accession of Queen Victoria. Following the tradition of the Queen's Silver and Golden Jubilees, commemorative events were held throughout the Commonwealth of Nations. In comparison to the previous Golden Jubilee, events in the United Kingdom were significantly scaled back due to the economic policies of the governing Conservative Party deeming excessive cost to the taxpayer amidst widespread austerity as inappropriate.[1][2] The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh toured the United Kingdom and other members of the royal family toured the rest of the Commonwealth as the monarch's representatives. The Jubilee celebrations marked the beginning of the withdrawal of the Duke of Edinburgh from public life and a more prominent role for the Duke of Cambridge and Prince Harry in Commonwealth affairs. Numerous events and tributes were held over the year and throughout the Commonwealth, culminating in a jubilee pageant held in London. The Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust was set up as a charitable foundation with a mission to leave a lasting legacy across the Commonwealth.[3] Other projects included the Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Wood and the issuing of commemorative medals. Commonwealth-wide and beyond In this special year, as I dedicate myself anew to your service, I hope we will all be reminded of the power of togetherness and the convening strength of family, friendship, and good neighbourliness, examples of which I have been fortunate to see throughout my reign and which my family and I look forward to seeing in many forms as we travel throughout the United Kingdom and the wider Commonwealth.[4] Queen Elizabeth II, 2012 At the 2011 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Perth, Australia, British Prime Minister David Cameron announced the creation of the Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust, which was officially launched in the UK on 6 February 2012.[5] Chaired by former British prime minister Sir John Major, the trust was intended to support charitable organisations and projects across the Commonwealth of Nations, focusing on areas such as cures for diseases and the promotion of all types of culture and education.[5] In early 2012, Prime Minister of Australia Julia Gillard announced the Australian Crown-in-Council would make an A$5.4 million contribution to the trust and the New Zealand Crown-in-Council later made a similar $1 million donation.[5][6] The Canadian government announced in April that former prime minister Jean Chrétien would be Canada's representative to the organisation.[7] In February 2012, a senior advisor was quoted as saying the Queen set two guidelines for the planning of her jubilee: the use of public funds should be minimised and people should not "be forced to celebrate".[8] The first major international event of the jubilee celebrations was the Diamond Jubilee Pageant, also branded The World Comes to Windsor, a cavalcade held at Windsor Castle to celebrate the Queen's visits to and tours of over 250 countries, as well as her passion for horses. The show, which featured 550 horses and 1,100 performers from around the world, was performed in the evenings between 10 and 13 May, after the daytime events of the annual Royal Windsor Horse Show had taken place. The Queen attended the final night.[9][10][11] On 18 May, the Queen hosted an informal lunch at Windsor Castle for more than twenty current or former monarchs from other countries.[12][13] In the evening of the same day, the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall hosted a dinner that most of the monarchs also attended, although the Queen herself was not present.[14] Criticism was directed at the presence of the King of Bahrain at the lunch, because of alleged repression of protests against the government of Bahrain in that country in 2011.[15] In London, protesters against the King assembled outside Buckingham Palace during the dinner, although he did not attend that event.[14] Queen Elizabeth II arriving at St Paul's Cathedral for the service of thanksgiving on 5 June 2012 The lighting of thousands of beacons across the Commonwealth took place on 4 June. The number of beacons was originally set at 2,012, to mark the year 2012. In the end, beacons of more than double that number were lit.[16] The first beacon of the Jubilee was lit on the grounds of Apifo'ou College in Nukuʻalofa, Tonga, by Tongan girl and Boy Scouts using coconut sheath torches.[17] Other nations, including Kenya, Australia, New Zealand, India, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, and several Caribbean states, took part in the beacon lighting. The world's most remote beacon was lit in Tristan da Cunha in the south Atlantic, using invasive, non-native plants to fuel the fire.[18][19] In the United Kingdom, British servicemen and women wounded in battle and individuals representing charities carried beacons to the summits of the UK's four highest peaks.[citation needed] The Queen lit the beacon outside Buckingham Palace at 10:30 pm.[20][21] The lighting proceeded until the final beacon was lit in Canada eight hours later.[22] The Queen's husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, was hospitalised with a bladder infection on 4 June and thus was not able to attend any of the official events. In his speech given at the conclusion of the Diamond Jubilee Concert, the Prince of Wales commented on the sadness of his father's absence and urged the crowd to cheer loud enough for the Duke to hear in hospital.[23] Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, stated after visiting his father that the latter was watching the celebrations on television.[24] The Queen visited the Duke the following day.[25] That same evening, a pre-recorded message by the Queen was released and aired on television around the world.[26] Commonwealth realms Antigua and Barbuda Diamond Jubilee Medal Certificate presented by Governor-General Dame Louise Lake-Tack to Senator Albert Sydney On 6 and 7 March, The Earl and Countess of Wessex, visited Antigua and Barbuda to celebrate the Queen's Diamond Jubilee.[27][28] The Earl and Countess arrived in Nelson's Dockyard on Motor Yacht Leander on the morning of 6 March. They were greeted by Governor-General Dame Louise Lake-Tack, Prime Minister Baldwin Spencer, and members of Parliament.[29][28][30] The couple then visited the Copper and Lumber Store Hotel where they met with prominent Antiguans and Barbudans.[29] Following that, the Earl and the Countess toured the Dockyard Museum and saw the "Royal Palm" that the Queen planted in the Dockyard in 1966.[28] A tree planting ceremony in Nelson's Dockyard, was followed by a tour of the Dow's Hill Interpretation Centre at Shirley Heights.[28] The afternoon concluded with a lunch at the Admiral's Inn in Nelson's Dockyard hosted by the Prime Minister.[29] On Tuesday evening, the Governor-General hosted an official State Dinner for the couple at the Mill Reef Club. During the second day of their visit, the Earl and the Countess visited institutions which were related to their personal charity work.[28] The Countess visited the Children's Ward at Mount Saint John's Medical Centre, Princess Margaret School, and the Adele School for Special Children in St. John's, while the Earl visited the Duke of Edinburgh Award Programme and the Antigua Grammar School.[28] To close their visit to Antigua and Barbuda, Prince Edward and Countess Sophie enjoyed a Diamond Jubilee Lunch at the Jumby Bay Resort on Long Island.[28] In June, lighting of a Jubilee Beacon and a Jubilee Service of Thanksgiving also took place in Antigua and Barbuda. 50 Antiguan and Barbudan citizens were presented with the Diamond Jubilee Medal by the Governor-General.[31] Australia Governor-General Quentin Bryce presenting the Queen's Diamond Jubilee medal to Corporal Daniel Keighran VC, 2012 Quentin Bryce, the Governor-General of Australia, announced that the Diamond Jubilee would be celebrated "with a host of national and community events throughout the Commonwealth."[32] In a similar vein, it was said in late 2011 that the government of Queensland was planning to declare a holiday in June 2012 to mark the jubilee. The Royal Australian Mint announced in August 2011 that it would be releasing a silver proof 50-cent coin to celebrate the Queen's Diamond Jubilee.[33] Australia Post issued a series of special stamps to mark the occasion. Official Diamond Jubilee portrait of the Queen of Australia Paying tribute to Elizabeth II as Queen of Australia in the House of Representatives on 6 February 2012, Prime Minister of Australia Julia Gillard stated the Queen was a revered figure in Australia.[34] Gillard also announced that she would on 4 June light a beacon atop Parliament House and that a street in the parliamentary triangle in Canberra would be renamed Queen Elizabeth Terrace.[5] Meanwhile, Western Australian Premier Colin Barnett announced on 28 May that a new waterfront development in Perth would be named Elizabeth Quay in the Queen's honour. A detachment of the New South Wales Mounted Police performed at the Diamond Jubilee Pageant held at Windsor Castle in May 2012. At the end of the same month, Prince Charles presented Diamond Jubilee medals to those in the Victoria Cross and George Cross Association, including three Australian Victoria Cross recipients.[citation needed] A special ecumenical service was conducted in St James' Church, Sydney, at which the invited preacher was Cardinal George Pell and the Governor of New South Wales, Marie Bashir, was the guest of honour. The Anglican Church of Australia also held a service of prayer and thanksgiving to commemorate the Diamond Jubilee at St John's Cathedral in Brisbane, on 20 May 2012. The service was welcomed by Phillip Aspinall, Anglican Archbishop of Brisbane, and the Homily was given by Mark Coleridge, Catholic Archbishop of Brisbane. The guest of honour was the Governor of Queensland, Penelope Wensley, and Ian Walker represented the Queensland Cabinet. In Brisbane, the newly built Supreme and District Court building was named after the Queen to mark the Diamond Jubilee.[35] Between 5 and 10 November 2012, Charles, Prince of Wales, and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, toured the country, travelling to Queensland, Victoria, South Australia, New South Wales, and the Australian Capital Territory.[36][37][38][39] Bahamas Prince Harry toured The Bahamas. There, he attended a reception for youth leaders and met with Governor-General of the Bahamas Sir Arthur Foulkes. The Prince attended an outdoor ceremony where children's schools, clubs, and associations presented themselves and delivered a speech at Government House.[40] Barbados The Parliament of Barbados, where the Earl of Wessex read to a joint sitting of the legislature a message from Elizabeth II, Queen of Barbados, on 23 February 2012, to mark the Queen's diamond jubilee To mark the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, the country hosted the Queen's youngest son and his wife, the Earl and Countess of Wessex, between 23 and 24 February 2012.[41] The tour began with the Earl and Countess arriving, aboard RFA Fort Rosalie, at the Deep Water Harbour of Bridgetown,[42] where Barbadian military personnel were given inspection.[43][44][45][46] To a joint sitting of the Parliament of Barbados, the Earl read a written message from the Queen,[47] in which the monarch stated she has taken note of the level of development Barbados had achieved during its 45 years of independence and called the country a model small state for others around the world.[48][49] Parliamentary officials responded with thanks to the Queen for her service to the country and Barbadians and invited her to the island to celebrate the 375th anniversary of the establishment of the Barbadian parliament in 2014.[50][51] The visiting royal couple opened an exhibit at the University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, and an official state dinner and reception was held at Government House in the evening.[52][53] The following day, the Countess visited the Albert C. Graham Children's Development Centre at Ladymeade Gardens, while the Earl presented eight Duke of Edinburgh's Gold Awards to Barbadian youth at a dedication ceremony. Directly following, the couple travelled together to a ceremony to commemorate the Diamond Jubilee, where a plaque was unveiled at the Kensington Oval cricket stadium.[54][55] Other events included the Earl and Countess lunching with Prime Minister Freundel Stuart at his residence, Ilaro Court, and touring several areas of Bridgetown that were added to UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites in 2011.[52][55] As in other Commonwealth realms, a set of commemorative Diamond Jubilee stamps were released by the Barbados Postal Service.[56] An ecumenical thanksgiving service was held at the St. Mary's Anglican Church in Bridgetown on 3 June and a beacon lighting at the Garrison Savannah the following day,[57][58][59] where an official Trooping of the Colour was performed by the Barbados Defence Force and military tattoo performed by the Royal Barbados Police Force.[60] Members of the Barbados Boys Scout Association with high honours were chosen to aid in the actual beacon lighting.[61] Belize In Belize, the Governor-General-in-Council and the Belize Tourism Board organised a tour of the country by Prince Harry, between 2 and 3 March 2012, as part of the country's celebrations of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee. Harry visited Belmopan and San Ignacio where ceremonies and events had less emphasis on state protocol.[62] In the capital, Harry unveiled a series of commemorative stamps issued by the Belize Postal Service,[63] attended the city's street festival, and dedicated a street as Queen Elizabeth II Boulevard,[64] where he delivered a speech on the sovereign's behalf. Canada The official emblem of the Queen of Canada's Diamond Jubilee Planning Forethought on the anniversary began as early as April 2007, when then-Secretary of State for Canadian Heritage Jason Kenney requested the various lieutenant governors begin preparations for the jubilee.[65] Three years later, the question of a national holiday to mark the jubilee was raised in the media and a series of official announcements were made by the Minister of Canadian Heritage.[66] The Secretary to the Queen, Kevin S. MacLeod, was charged by the Governor General-in-Council to head the Diamond Jubilee Committee (DJC)—a 14-member group of individuals drawn from the provincial and territorial governments, non-governmental organisations, officials from the Departments of Citizenship and Immigration, National Defence, and Canadian Heritage (DCH), and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police[67]—that oversaw the organisation of the country's fêtes for Elizabeth II's 60 years as Queen of Canada.[68] Similarly, Premier of Alberta Ed Stelmach in February 2011 tasked the Alberta Chief of Protocol and the Private Secretary to the Lieutenant Governor of Alberta to form and head a committee to develop plans for the province's Diamond Jubilee celebrations.[69] As with other royal events, the DCH played a large role in organisation and planning. $7.5 million of resources, granted to the DCH in the previous budget approved by the federal parliament, was allocated for federal jubilee celebrations, education and awareness, and distribution to community groups; $2 million was for events in the Queen's honour and $3.7 million was allocated for the Diamond Jubilee medal.[67] The total amount was reduced by Minister of Canadian Heritage James Moore from the DJC's original estimate of $8.8 million.[67] Pre-events The Diamond Jubilee Window in the Senate foyer in the Centre Block of Canada's parliament. It depicts Elizabeth II along with Queen Victoria, who also celebrated a diamond jubilee. The Queen, on 3 July 2010, dedicated the Queen Elizabeth II Gardens outside her official residence in Manitoba and there planted an Amber Jubilee Ninebark shrub, the cultivar having been created specifically for the Diamond Jubilee.[70] At Rideau Hall in Ottawa, she also, on 30 June, unveiled a commemorative stained glass window depicting herself and Queen Victoria with their respective royal cyphers and renditions of the Centre Block of the Canadian parliament during the reign of each monarch.[71][72][73] The window, a gift from the Canadian Senate, was installed above the Senate entrance to the Centre Block and dedicated by Governor General David Johnston on 7 February 2012.[74] A corbel within the Sovereigns' Arches of the Senate foyer was sculpted into a rendition of the Queen and unveiled on 9 December 2010 by the Governor General.[75] The Royal Canadian Mint also issued an "extensive set" of coins to mark the anniversary.[76] Further, the Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery (RRCA) in 2011 presented the Queen, their captain-general since 1952, with a diamond and gold brooch, made by Birks & Mayors in the form of the regiment's cap badge, and announced the creation of The Captain General's Diamond Jubilee Bursary Award for educational activities of members of the RRCA and family.[77] Diamond Jubilee Week Diamond Jubilee Week began on Accession Day (6 February) 2012.[78] That day, the monarch's personal standard for Canada was unfurled at Rideau Hall and on Parliament Hill, as well as at provincial royal residences and legislatures across the country;[79][80][81][82] permission was granted by the Queen to break the usual protocol of flying the banner only where the sovereign is physically present.[83] At noon on the same day, the Peace Tower carillon played a tribute to Elizabeth II.[n 1][84] The Prime Minister and the leader of the Liberal Party of Canada issued statements commending the Queen for her six decades of "dedicated service to our country, to the Commonwealth and to the world."[85][86] The royal standard of Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, which was flown at various locations across Canada during Diamond Jubilee Week. Also on 6 and 7 February, the first of the 60,000 Canadian Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medals to be distributed to citizens and permanent residents were handed out by lieutenant governors,[87] commissioners,[82] and other dignitaries across the country; 60 individuals were given theirs personally by the Governor General at Rideau Hall.[81][83][88] All federal Members of Parliament (MPs) received the award automatically and a few refused, some because they belonged to the Quebec separatist Bloc Québécois,[89] and one because he felt the money being spent by the Crown on jubilee events and markers was a waste.[90] Citizens for a Canadian Republic claimed that day that the government's spending of money on the Queen's jubilee was to be expected "from the personality cult dynasties of North Korea or Syria".[91] The Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society claimed it would stage "counter-celebrations".[89] In Nova Scotia, the provincial government announced the establishment of educational programmes related to the Queen and her role in Canadian government and the one-time award of the $2000 Diamond Jubilee Award Scholarship to 60 Grade 12 students in the province.[92] There and in other provinces and territories, various events were held on Accession Day, other days during Diamond Jubilee Week, and past its end.[n 2] The Speaker of the Senate, Noël Kinsella, and Speaker of the House of Commons, Andrew Scheer, were received by the Queen at Buckingham Palace on 21 February 2012, where they presented a loyal address to the sovereign.[96] The Canadian Postal Museum also opened on 19 March the exhibition Designed for a Queen, which displayed 645 postal portraits of the Queen from Canada, other Commonwealth of Nations countries, and British Overseas Territories.[97] Royal tour Charles, Prince of Wales, speaks to the public outside of the Ontario Legislative Building during his tour of Canada for the Diamond Jubilee Charles, Prince of Wales, and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, toured parts of the country in May,[78] making stops in New Brunswick, Ontario, and Saskatchewan.[98] In an editorial he wrote for The Globe and Mail, Charles stated he wanted his activities during the tour to reflect the jubilee's "central theme of service to others" and expressed that he was "returning to Canada in this special Jubilee year, to renew my own pledge of service and to encourage others to consider how they might contribute their own particular talent".[99] In that vein, he in all three provinces visited with people associated with his organisation The Prince's Charities Canada and presented Diamond Jubilee Medals to recipients. The couple arrived at Saint John Airport on the evening of 20 May.[100] The following day, they were formally welcomed by the Governor General and met at Canadian Forces Base Gagetown with young Canadian Forces veterans and mentors involved in the Military Entrepreneurship program before moving on to Saint John. There, they undertook a walking tour of Prince William Street to observe heritage projects and meet the 2002 Committee for the Prince of Wales Municipal Heritage Leadership Prize, participated in a citizenship ceremony, attended Victoria Day events, and opened the Diamond Jubilee IT Centre at Hazen-White-St. Francis School.[100] They then flew on to Toronto to meet with emergency workers and their families and observe the annual fireworks show at Ashbridges Bay that marks Victoria Day and the Queen's official Canadian birthday. On 22 May, the couple attended an event hosted by the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, David Onley, at Queen's Park. After, the Duchess visited The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada, of which she is colonel-in-chief,[101] laying at the armoury a wreath in memory of fallen Canadian soldiers, while the Prince of Wales saw the Digital Media Zone at Ryerson University, toured the construction site of the athletes' village for the 2015 Pan American Games (where Premier of Ontario Dalton McGuinty announced a portion of Front Street running through the village would be named Diamond Jubilee Promenade[102]), visited the Yonge Street Mission, and met with the national leadership of the Assembly of First Nations. The couple also attended a luncheon hosted by the government of Ontario and participated in a Canadian Forces event at Fort York commemorating the 200th anniversary of the War of 1812,[100] the Prince there wearing his uniform of a lieutenant-general of the Canadian Army. The Saskatchewan Legislative Building in 2012. The building's centenary was marked by Charles, Prince of Wales, and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, as part of their Canadian royal tour earlier that year. They arrived in Regina on 23 May and marked the centenary of Saskatchewan's legislative building, participated in a reception held by the Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan at Government House, toured the First Nations University of Canada, and visited an environmentally friendly water purification plant. In the evening, the Prince and Duchess attended at the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) Depot Division Drill Hall a performance of the Regina Symphony Orchestra, of which Prince Charles is patron.[100][103] There, the Prime Minister announced that Charles was to be appointed Honorary Commissioner of the RCMP, taking the post from his mother, the Queen, who became the RCMP's Commissioner-in-Chief.[104] New Democratic Party MP Pat Martin, an open anti-monarchist, stated in the House of Commons that the tour was "a bread-and-circuses routine" intended to distract from cuts to the federal civil service.[105] The Minister of Canadian Heritage, James Moore, said the tour would be the "least expensive for taxpayers" of those that had taken place since 2009.[106] Events through June At the Queen's request,[107] members of the RCMP's Musical Ride, after performing in the Diamond Jubilee Pageant at Windsor Castle, took part in the Changing of the Guard on 23 May as they formed the Queen's Life Guard outside Buckingham Palace for 24 hours.[108] Said by the contingent's commander to be a "way for Canada and the Mounties to salute her Majesty the Queen in her Diamond Jubilee year",[107] it was the second time the RCMP had performed the task since doing so as a part of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations for Queen Victoria in 1897.[109] We, Your Majesty's loyal and dutiful subjects, the House of Commons of Canada in Parliament assembled, beg to offer our sincere congratulations on the happy completion of the sixtieth year of Your reign. In this, the Diamond Jubilee year of your reign as Queen of Canada, we trust that Your gracious and peaceful reign may continue for many years and that Divine Providence will preserve Your Majesty in health, in happiness and in the affectionate loyalty of Your people.[110] Parliament of Canada, 2012 In the federal parliament on 31 May, a loyal address to the Queen was passed.[110] The Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba held a Diamond Jubilee garden party at the province's Government House on 26 May.[111] The Royal British Columbia Museum on 1 June opened an exhibition of approximately 100 Cecil Beaton photographs of Elizabeth II throughout her life.[112] Mount Barbeau in Nunavut A team of Canadian and British mountaineers reached the summit of Mount Barbeau, in Canada's arctic, by 3 June and there held a tea party in celebration of the jubilee. From the summit, they sent a loyal greeting to the Queen via satellite, to which the monarch promised to reply.[113] The next day, a group from the Royal Canadian Dragoons stationed in Afghanistan climbed with British soldiers to the peak of the 7,000 foot mountain Gharib Ghar, within the Kabul Military Training Center, "as part of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations for Queen Elizabeth II."[114] In the United Kingdom, Canada House held a Big Jubilee Lunch on 3 June and two beacons were lit on the building's roof the following evening,[115] the night of the Diamond Jubilee Concert. Johnston attended both events and Harper was at the latter.[116][117] Another reception was held at Canada House on the evening of 6 June, at which the Governor General and Prince Andrew, Duke of York, were present.[118] Harper was granted an audience with the Queen at Buckingham Palace on 5 June.[117] Also at the palace, the Governor General, the Prime Minister, and the Queen unveiled a new portrait of the sovereign commissioned by the federal Crown-in-Council and painted by Canadian painter Phil Richards. The creation of the portrait became the subject of a National Film Board of Canada (NFB) documentary directed by Hubert Davis and released in the fall of 2012 as part of the NFB's Queen's Diamond Jubilee Collector's Edition.[119][120] The painting was on 25 June installed in the ballroom at Rideau Hall. Dedicated at the same time by the Governor General were new bronze and glass handrails, with detailing evoking the Diamond Jubilee, flanking the ceremonial staircase in Rideau Hall's main entrance foyer.[121] On 12 June 2012, the government of the Northwest Territories (NWT) and the City of Yellowknife held at the Northern Arts and Cultural Centre a garden party with barbecue, concert, and other activities. On 14 June, Amber Jubilee Ninebark shrubs were planted on the grounds of the NWT legislative assembly.[82] Four days later, a gala concert was held at Roy Thomson Hall in Toronto, at which 600 diamond jubilee medals were awarded to members of the Order of Canada and Order of Ontario. The event, hosted by the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, was attended by the Governor General and his wife and performers included the Famous People Players, Susan Aglukark, Molly Johnson, Ben Heppner, and Gordon Lightfoot, who conceived the idea of the event.[122] Further events The Queen's Beasts on display at the Canadian Museum of Civilization during Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee The Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan held a garden party at Government House on Canada Day and,[123] in the Northwest Territories, the Canada Day parade was themed to celebrate the jubilee and numerous jubilee medal presentation ceremonies took place.[82] Also on 1 July, the Canadian Museum of Civilization opened the exhibit A Queen and Her Country, showing artefacts from the Crown Collection relating to Queen Elizabeth II and her role as Queen of Canada, including the Queen's Beasts from her coronation.[124] At Rideau Hall on 11 September, a reception, attended by the Governor General; his wife; Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex; Sophie, Countess of Wessex; and others, was held for the Royal Victorian Order Association of Canada and to "honour of the 60th anniversary of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II’s accession to the Throne."[125] The Earl also distributed Diamond Jubilee Medals to recipients in Toronto and to members of the RCMP in Iqaluit, Nunavut.[126][127] The government of the Northwest Territories held through September an essay contest for youth to explain "how the Queen is important to First Nations and Métis people."[82] A conference on the Canadian Crown was conducted in Saskatchewan on 25 October.[128] The Governor General the following day unveiled a plaque identifying the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Trail, a part of the Trans Canada Trail between the West Block on Parliament Hill and the Supreme Court of Canada.[129] In Nova Scotia, highway 106 was renamed as Jubilee Highway.[130] Communities across Canada also held events to mark the jubilee,[131][132][133][134][135] as did the federal government until the jubilee celebration ended on Accession Day 2013. Jamaica On Accession Day, Governor-General Sir Patrick Allen sent a congratulatory message to the Queen in which he said that the Queen's reign was marked by "wisdom, dedication and integrity". Allen said that the Queen had an "extraordinary knowledge and interest in Commonwealth and Caribbean Affairs", which he greatly admires.[136] On 3 June, a boat parade and yacht race at the north side of the Kingston Harbour was held to celebrate the Queen's Diamond Jubilee. The event was organised by the Royal Jamaica Yacht Club to coincide with the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant in London.[137] On 4 June, communities across Western Jamaica celebrated the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, at the Montego Bay Civic Centre, in Sam Sharpe Square, St. James. Tributes included popular and gospel songs, and performances by schoolchildren. The Custos of St. James, Ewen Corrodus, described the occasion as fitting for "an icon who has been a part of Jamaica's life for 60 years". A Jubilee beacon was also lit by Corrodus. The mayor of Montego Bay, Councillor Glendon Harris, congratulated the Queen on her Diamond Jubilee said that the Jubilee should be used for forgiveness and reconciliation between individuals and communities, and called for continued growth for Jamaica.[138][139] On 4 June, four beacons were lit at central points across Jamaica, in celebration of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee. The beacons were lit at St. William Grant Park in Kingston; Montego Bay Civic Centre, St. James; Seville Heritage Park, St. Ann; and at the Port Antonio town centre in Portland.[137] At the beacon lighting in Kingston, Prime Minister Simpson-Miller paid tribute to the Queen and said that during the times when the Queen graced the Jamaican shores, the people of Jamaica found in her a truly "royal personality" filled with warmth and good wishes for the people of Jamaica.[140] The beacons were designed by the Jamaica Defence Force and built by students from the Caribbean Maritime Institute (CMI). All beacons were lit simultaneously at 10:00 p.m. at each location, and remained lit for 24 hours.[137] On 10 June, a church service was held at the St. Andrew Parish Church. A Diamond Jubilee Prayer, which was written at the Queen's direction, was used at the church service in Jamaica.[137] An exhibition was held in June, which showcased the Queen's visits to Jamaica, the recipients of awards presented by the Queen, and other things.[137] Commemorative Diamond Jubilee Medals were awarded by Governor-General Allen to members of the armed forces, emergency services and prison service personnel of Jamaica.[137][141] Jamaicans from all ages were invited to attend all the Diamond Jubilee events in Jamaica.[137][142] The Governor-General and his wife travelled to London to participate in various events there in June, including a reception held by the High Commissioner of Jamaica to the UK.[143] Jamaica's Diamond Jubilee celebrations proceeded despite Portia Simpson-Miller's ongoing work to have the country become a republic.[144] Royal visit Prince Harry toured Jamaica between 5 and 8 March 2012,[145][146] participating in various events marking his grandmother's Diamond Jubilee. During the tour, the Prince partook in military exercises with the Jamaica Defence Force, visited Bustamante Hospital for Children and, in Trelawny Parish, visited Water Square, Falmouth Pier, and the William Knibb Baptist Church, where he paid respect at the William Knibb memorial.[147][148] The Prince attended an event for the charity Rise Life,[149] ran with Usain Bolt at the latter's training ground at the University of the West Indies, Mona. There, he was also named an Honorary Fellow of the university.[150] A Jamaica Night reception was held at the Royal Caribbean Hotel in Montego Bay and Governor-General of Jamaica Sir Patrick Allen hosted a dinner at King's House as a combined celebration of the Diamond Jubilee and Jamaica's 50th anniversary of independence. The Prime Minister, Portia Simpson Miller, stated the tour was intended to "highlight the country's tourism developments on the North Coast and the important work being done in the area of youth and children."[145] New Zealand [icon] This section needs expansion with: Diamond Jubilee events held in New Zealand [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]. You can help by adding to it. (April 2022) Sir Jerry Mateparae, the Governor-General of New Zealand, unveiled New Zealand's Diamond Jubilee emblem on 27 November 2011, and announced at that time that a full programme would be forthcoming.[151] Emblem The official emblem of the Queen of New Zealand's Diamond Jubilee[151] The diamond shape of the emblem is an allusion to the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, and the colour alludes to New Zealand's highly prized pounamu. The emblem features the Queen's royal cypher, and koru (which often features in Māori art) is used in the form of those on the chain of The New Zealand Order of Merit. The chain links represents the role of the Sovereign as a part of the New Zealand constitution and the historic links between the Crown and Maori.[151] The gold in the emblem represents value and achievement, whereas the manuka flowers relate to the Badge of The Queen's Service Order (QSO) which is based on stylised representation of this flower. Manuka and manuka honey are well known for their health enhancing properties.[151] Commemoration New Zealand Post and the Reserve Bank of New Zealand issued a silver proof dollar coin to celebrate the jubilee in February 2012, and in the same month the Ministry for Culture and Heritage added Crown-related entries to Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand and an essay on the jubilee to NZ.History.net.nz.[152][153] The New Zealand post also issued sets of Diamond Jubilee stamps showing images of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip throughout her reign.[154] Official Diamond Jubilee portrait of the Queen of New Zealand Prime Minister John Key moved a motion in the House of Representatives congratulating the Queen on her Diamond Jubilee on 7 February.[155] The Governor-General-in-Council also launched, two days later, via the Ministry of Health, the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Research Grant, "seeking to purchase research projects that transfer knowledge from initiatives with proven effectiveness, into practice in the health sector".[156] The New Zealand Army Band took part in the Diamond Jubilee Pageant held at Windsor Castle and also took part in the changing of guard ceremony at Buckingham Palace. In New Zealand, New Zealand Herald opinion columnist Jim Hopkins was critical of the jubilee celebrations held over the Queen's Birthday weekend, calling it a "missed opportunity".[157] He was also critical of TVNZ's lack of jubilee related content in its daily news broadcast.[157] A royal tour was undertaken by Charles, Prince of Wales, and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, between 10 and 16 November 2012.[39][158] travelling to Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Manawatu. Their programme is to focus on excellence and innovation in business, agriculture, community service, and sports, as well as children's literacy and animal health.[39] Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinean version of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Medal, 2012 Charles, Prince of Wales, and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, toured Papua New Guinea between 3 and 5 November.[39] The Prince of Wales spoke to crowds in Port Moresby in the pidgin language of Tok Pisin, referring to himself as 'namawan pikinini bilong misis kwinn' (the number one child of The Queen). He and delivered greetings from The Queen in Tok Pisin: "Mi bringim bikpela tok hamamas bilong mejesti kwin Papua Niugini na olgeta haus lain bilong mi lon dispela taim bilong Diamon Jubili misis kwin. Mi tokpisin olrite?" (I bring you greetings from Her Majesty the Queen of Papua New Guinea and from all my family members during this celebration of the Diamond Jubilee of the Queen. Was my Pisin correct?).[159] During their time in the country, the Prince and the Duchess met church, charity, and community volunteers, cultural groups, and members of the Papua New Guinea Defence Force in and near Port Moresby.[39] Saint Kitts and Nevis Historical re-enactments were put on in Saint Kitts and Nevis for the Earl and Countess of Wessex, who arrived on 3 March 2012.[160] There, the couple met with Governor-General Sir Cuthbert Sebastian, Prime Minister Denzil Douglas, and other dignitaries, watched cultural shows (including the performance of a calypso song about the Queen), and the Earl unveiled a plaque commemorating the Diamond Jubilee and officially designated the Basseterre Valley Park as the Royal Basseterre Valley Park. They also visited Brimstone Hill Fortress National Park and the children's ward of the JNF Hospital and the Children's Home before attending a state dinner and fireworks display at Port Zante.[161] Saint Lucia The Earl and Countess of Wessex arrived in Saint Lucia on 21 February 2012.[162] Governor-General Dame Pearlette Louisy hosted a Charity Banquet and Ball at Government House on 9 June to celebrate the Queen's Diamond Jubilee. The event included a gourmet charity dinner, followed by dancing to the accompaniment of a full orchestra by the Royal Saint Lucia Police Band. The event was held under the theme "A Diamond Moment In Time?". The proceeds of the event went towards several charities supported by Government House.[163] Saint Vincent and the Grenadines In Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, a Diamond Jubilee Celebrations Committee was established to oversee events staged to mark, between February and June 2012, the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. The committee head, former Minister of Culture Rene Baptiste, stated the aim was to "showcase what we have to offer, as well as our loyalty to the Parliament..." The Earl and Countess of Wessex, aboard RFA Fort Rosalie, arrived for their tour of country on 25 February and visited the restored Botanic Gardens St. Vincent and planted a Pink Poui tree, attended an official lunch at Government House, and planted Royal Palms on the Grenadines. Trade unionist Noel Jackson said he heard displeasure expressed by Vincentians towards the royal tour and that "a lot of people were cursing." Senator Julian Francis, the General Secretary of the governing Unity Labour Party, stated the public reaction to the presence of the royal couple "confirmed to me that we could not have won the 2009 referendum on a republic. The outpouring of the people in St. Vincent to come and greet Prince Edward yesterday confirmed to me that people, in the majority in St. Vincent, still want the monarchy... It was like a carnival in town yesterday."[164] A Diamond Jubilee Lecture was delivered in March, a flower show and tea party was held at Government House on 4 and 5 May, a stamp exhibition was mounted at the National Trust headquarters and an exhibition of photographs of the Queen in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines was displayed at the National Public Library. A Queen's Birthday parade took place, as did a Diamond Jubilee Beacon Event on 4 June, part of the wider plan to light such beacons at the same time across the Commonwealth.[165] United Kingdom The United Kingdom's Diamond Jubilee logo Sea Containers House decorated with a large photograph of her Silver Jubilee One of Warrington's Own Buses adorned in special diamond jubilee livery to mark the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Planning As with the Golden Jubilee in 2002, the Department for Culture, Media and Sport was responsible for coordinating the Cabinet-led aspects of the celebrations.[166][167] Events were planned so as to keep the use of tax money to a minimum; most funds used to fund celebrations were drawn from private donors and sponsors. Only the cost of security was by Her Majesty's Treasury.[8] The British logo for the Diamond Jubilee was selected through a contest held by the BBC children's programme Blue Peter; the winning design, announced in February 2011, was created by ten-year-old Katherine Dewar.[168][169] Extended weekend On 5 January 2010, the Lord President of the Council and Business Secretary Lord Mandelson announced that an extra bank holiday would take place on 5 June 2012.[170][171] Moving the Spring Bank Holiday (the last Monday in May) to 4 June resulted in a four-day holiday in honour of the Diamond Jubilee.[170][172] As national holidays are a devolved matter, Scotland's first minister confirmed that the bank holiday would be held on 5 June in Scotland. Some economists later theorised that the holiday could reduce the country's gross domestic product by 0.5% in the second quarter of the year, though this would be partially offset by increased sales for the hospitality and merchandise sectors.[173] The Queen travelling by car to St Paul's Cathedral for the service of thanksgiving on 5 June Many events were staged in London during the bank holiday weekend.[172] The River Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant was held on 3 June; a maritime parade of 1,000 boats from around the Commonwealth—the largest flotilla seen on the river in 350 years—together with other celebrations along the river banks.[174][175][176] Heavy rain started during the event and the commemorative airforce flyover at the end was cancelled due to very low cloud base and bad visibility at ground level. Along with almost all members of the royal family, various governors-general from the Commonwealth realms other than the UK were in attendance.[116][143] The Diamond Jubilee Concert, with a preceding afternoon picnic in the palace gardens for the 10,000 concert ticket holders,[177][178][179] was held the following day, in front of Buckingham Palace, and featured acts representing each decade of the Queen's 60-year reign. Street parties were permitted to take place across the country.[180] Special community lottery grants, called The Jubilee People's Millions, are being offered by the Big Lottery Fund and ITV.[181] Members of the royal family, governors-general, and prime ministers from the Commonwealth realms were present at various functions held on 4 and 5 June: A reception took place at Buckingham Palace before the Diamond Jubilee Concert and a national service of thanksgiving was conducted the following day at St. Paul's Cathedral, also attended by 2,000 other guests.[182] Will Todd's anthem "The Call of Wisdom", commissioned specially for this event, was performed by the Diamond Choir, made up of about 40 children from around the UK.[183][184] The Archbishop of Canterbury dedicated his sermon to the Queen, during which he noted her "lifelong dedication" and stated that she "has made her 'public' happy and all the signs are that she is herself happy, fulfilled and at home in these encounters."[185] Afterwards, a formal lunch was held in Westminster Hall. The Queen returned to Buckingham Palace at 2:20 pm, in an open top carriage procession and escorted by The Household Cavalry Regiment.[186] Another reception was held at London's Guildhall and a luncheon took place at Lancaster House, hosted by the British Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs.[8][116] A reception solely for governors-general was held by the Queen at Buckingham Palace.[116] Flypast by the Red Arrows over Buckingham Palace on 5 June The weekend of celebrations ended with a balcony appearance at Buckingham Palace. The Queen appeared on the balcony with the Prince of Wales, the Duchess of Cornwall, the Duke of Cambridge, the Duchess of Cambridge, and Prince Harry in front of cheering crowds outside the palace and along The Mall. There followed a feu de joie and a flypast by the Red Arrows and historic aircraft,[186] including the last flying Lancaster bomber in Britain.[citation needed] Several media commentators commented on the significance of only senior members of the royal family appearing on the balcony. BBC royal correspondent Peter Hunt remarked that it "sent a message demonstrating both continuity and restraint at a time of austerity".[186] Permanent tributes While the sands of culture shift and the tides of politics ebb and flow, Her Majesty has been a permanent anchor, bracing Britain against the storms, grounding us in certainty. Crucially, simultaneously, she has moved the monarchy forward. It has been said that the art of progress is to preserve order amid change and change amid order, and in this the Queen is unparalleled. She has never shut the door on the future; instead, she has led the way through it, ushering in the television cameras, opening up the royal collection and the palaces and hosting receptions and award ceremonies for every area of public life. It is easy now to take these things for granted, but we should remember that they were her initiatives. She was broadcasting to the nation every Christmas day 30 years before we let cameras into this House. David Cameron, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, 2012[187] To mark the jubilee, the Queen bestowed Royal Borough status on Greenwich, in southeast London.[170][188] In addition, a competition was held to grant in 2012 city status to towns and either a lord mayoralty or lord provostship to one city.[n 3][190] City status was awarded to Chelmsford in England, Perth in Scotland and St Asaph in Wales. Armagh, Northern Ireland, was awarded the Lord Mayoralty.[191] The Olympic Park in East London, created for the 2012 London Olympics, was named the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park following the Olympics.[192] The Queen Elizabeth II Fields Challenge (Queen Elizabeth Fields Challenge in Scotland) was a project of the charity Fields in Trust to safeguard parks and green spaces as public recreation land in perpetuity for future generations to enjoy, and to provide a permanent legacy of the Diamond Jubilee and the Olympics.[193] The Woodland Trust planned to establish 60 Jubilee woodlands during 2011 and 2012, one of almost 500 acres – Flagship Diamond Wood, Leicestershire – and the remainder 60 acres each.[194] A stained glass window, paid for by MPs and members of the House of Lords, was unveiled in the Queen's presence at Westminster Hall in March 2012.[195] In addition, a majority of MPs endorsed the renaming of the clock tower of Westminster Palace that houses Big Ben, to the Elizabeth Tower.[196] The Royal Jubilee Bells in St James Garlickhythe before being hung in the church's tower The Royal Jubilee Bells, made for the Jubilee and a feature of the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant, were delivered to the church of St James Garlickhythe in the City of London on 15 June 2012 and arranged along the central aisle. They were dedicated by the Rt Revd John Waine on Sunday 17 June and hanging commenced in the tower shortly thereafter. They were rung for the first time in the church on 4 July.[197] The Royal Mint issued a number of coins including an official £5 coin, a 5oz coin and a kilo coin.[198] A five-pound sterling silver coin was issued by the Government of Gibraltar to mark the occasion.[199] In October 2012 it was announced that the Queen would bestow the honorary title of Regius Professorship to up to six university chairs in the United Kingdom, to recognise "excellence in teaching and research";[200] the number was chosen to represent the decades of the Queen's reign.[201] The full list was announced on 29 January 2013 and comprised twelve new chairs, in recognition of the "exceptionally high quality" of the departments considered.[202] Kew Gardens announced that the Main Gate, the entrance to the gardens from Kew Green, was to be renamed Elizabeth Gate in honour of the Queen. Princess Alexandra attended the naming ceremony on 21 October 2012.[203] On 18 December 2012, the British Foreign Office announced that a portion of the British Antarctic Territory was to be named Queen Elizabeth Land in honour of Her Majesty in her diamond jubilee year.[204] A seemingly less permanent tribute that gained widespread popularity was a work provided by street artist Banksy. His "Slave Labour" stencil on a north London wall offered pointed criticism of the jubilee celebrations and the conditions that support British nationalism.[205] The mural's removal and subsequent attempted sale at auction in February 2013 sparked international controversy, highlighting the piece's worth to local and regional residents.[206] Its title, perhaps coincidentally, conjured another contentious part of the celebrations where unemployed workers, bussed into London on an allegedly unpaid trial to staff security for the event, were made to work under what some described as "appalling" conditions.[207] Other events Diamond Jubilee medals On Accession Day, 6 February, a 62-gun salute was mounted on the banks of the River Thames, near the Tower of London and the Queen made a visit to Norfolk, one of the first places the monarch visited after acceding to the throne.[63] Later in the month, Queen Elizabeth attended a multi-faith (Bahá'í, Buddhist, Christian, Hindu, Jain, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, and Zoroastrian) reception held at the residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Lambeth Palace, in honour of the jubilee.[208] The Queen addressed both houses of parliament in Westminster Hall on 20 March 2012.[209] Also in March, the Royal Commonwealth Society launched the Jubilee Time Capsule to mark the jubilee.[210] The British Broadcasting Corporation and Andrew Marr created the television documentary The Diamond Queen, in which various members of the royal family and current and former politicians spoke about the sovereign and her life. The documentary was criticised by the campaign group Republic, which argued that it breached BBC guidelines on impartiality.[211] At Buckingham Palace, a display of the Queen's diamonds was opened to the public.[8] On 4 June, the bells in each of the 34 church bell towers along the River Welland valley rang in succession, ending with the ringing of the bell at Fosdyke 60 times.[212] On 19 May, the Queen attended the Diamond Jubilee Armed Forces Parade and Muster, the British Armed Forces' own tribute to the monarch, in Windsor Castle and nearby Home Park. The first time all three services had assembled for the Queen for such an event at the same time, it featured military reviews and a 2,500 strong military parade through the town, as well as a military flypast featuring 78 aircraft.[213] A Nowka Bais competition in Oxford was dedicated to the Diamond Jubilee. The Queen issued a statement on the event and expressed her interest about the Bengali sporting tradition to the event organisers.[214] Overseas territories [icon] This section needs expansion with: some description about Gibraltar Diamond Jubilee Flotilla and other details about the celebrations (link). You can help by adding to it. (June 2021) The Earl and Countess of Wessex at the Queen's Birthday Parade, Grand Casemates Square, Gibraltar, June 2012 Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester, toured the British Virgin Islands (BVI) in March 2012. On Montserrat, he met participants in the Sailability BVI programme, including Special Olympics medallists, and staff and associates of the Eslyn Henley Ritchie Learning Centre, BVI Technical and Vocational Institute, BVI Services, and the Department of Youth Affairs and Sports.[215] Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, and Sophie, Countess of Wessex, visited the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar, between 11 and 13 June 2012,[216] and Montserrat.[when?][37] The Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation expressed "upset and concern" about the couple's tour of Gibraltar, which Spain claims as Spanish territory.[216] Other realms Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, visited the Solomon Islands and Tuvalu.[37] The Queen's realms throughout the Caribbean and West Indies planned a number of Diamond Jubilee events. Using RFA Fort Rosalie, Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, and Sophie, Countess of Wessex, visited other Caribbean realms, including: Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada, Montserrat and Saint Lucia.[37][217][218] Other Commonwealth countries The Duke of Cambridge in Malaysia as part of a tour to mark the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, September 2012 Visits were planned by Princess Anne to Zambia and Mozambique, while the Duke of Gloucester made official visits to Uganda and Malta. In Asia, Prince Andrew, Duke of York, visited India, while Prince William and Catherine, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, visited Malaysia, Singapore, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu.[219] Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, and Sophie, Countess of Wessex, visited Trinidad and Tobago,[220] as did Governor General of Canada David Johnston. India The British High Commission in Delhi held a large Jubilee reception, which the Duke of York also attended. Children took a ride on an elephant named Rupa draped in the Union Jack, during the Jubilee events in New Delhi. The British Jubilee Tea Party received high amounts of media coverage, so also did Rupa the elephant.[221][222] Kenya In Nairobi, the High Commission commemorated the Queen's Diamond Jubilee by lighting a beacon at Treetops Lodge, the location where Princess Elizabeth learned of her father's death and her immediate accession to the throne in 1952.[223] The celebrations also featured items such as the car used by the Queen in 1952 and an exhibition featuring radio broadcasts and photographs from that time.[221] Pakistan In Pakistan, the British High Commission organised an event with local school children, in which they buried a time capsule, to be dug out on 25 years later. The children were asked to draw about their families, community, country, and connections between the United Kingdom and Pakistan. Coins, newspapers, magazines, and pictures of Pakistani landmarks with signatures and messages for the Queen by the children were also put in the time capsule. The event received a lot of positive media coverage.[221][224] South Africa The British Consulate in Cape Town, in conjunction with the Hout Bay and Llandudno Heritage Trust, hosted a firing of ancient muzzle-loading cannons at East Fort in Hout Bay. The Hout Bay and Llandudno Heritage Trust restored the Fort's original Swedish made 18-pounder muzzle-loading cannons, dating from 1752, and fired two rolling salvo salutes, of six cannon shots each, in the Queen's honour and each representing a decade of her reign. Members of the public were also invited to join in lighting of a Jubilee Beacon.[221] The South African Navy Band was in attendance and the guns were fired by VIPs who were guided by gunners of the "Honourable Order of Hout Bay Artillerymen". At the Victoria and Alfred Waterfront of the Port of Cape Town, a flotilla from the Royal Cape Yacht Club sailed past the Hildebrand Ristorante and into-the Victoria Basin and the Cape Town Highlanders marched from Ferryman's to Nobel Square. British Consul General Chris Trott lit a beacon, followed by a further six-gun salute and both South African national anthem and "God Save the Queen".[citation needed] Other areas Belgium On 5 June 2012, about 500 eminent personalities from various fields gathered in Brussels on the island in Bois de la Cambre to celebrate the Queen's Jubilee. A ferry transported guests to the island, which showcased British brands and products. This was followed by a visit from HMS Edinburgh.[221] Brazil The British Embassy held a Jubilee week in São Paulo and Brasilia, with prominent areas in both cities being dressed with Union flags. Cultural exhibitions were set up and images (60 photos for 60 years) and films, highlighting the Royal visits to Brazil, were showcased. There were many activities for children, including making model boats for a mini-flotilla and a Big Jubilee Lunch. Local cinemas and restaurants showed Jubilee-themed films and served special Jubilee dishes.[221] Hong Kong Hong Kong, a British dependent territory until 1997 and the most populous one, had The Big Jubilee Lunch on 3 June 2012, organised by the Royal Commonwealth Society in Hong Kong. On 5 June 2012, there was a service of thanksgiving at the territory's Anglican Cathedral Church of St. John the Evangelist.[225] Italy The Embassy in Rome and Consulate in Milan held multiple events to celebrate the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, including UK-Italy in the pages of Corriere della Sera, an exhibition organised by Fondazione Corriere della Sera and the British Council. It was held from 7 June to 21 June in Milan.[226] A multimedia Symphonic concert was held by the Orchestra Italiana del Cinema with the support of Lazio Regional Council, which was dedicated to British and Italian cinematography. A documentary series on the royal family, titled 'London Calling', was broadcast by BBC Knowledge. Milan also used their Jubilee activity to supplement events highlighting high end British jewellery design.[221] Japan In Tokyo, the British Embassy hosted a Vivienne Westwood collection launch to commemorate the Queen's Diamond Jubilee. The event was attended by 800 guests, where they saw the World Premiere of Vivienne Westwood's 2012-13 spring summer collection fashion show. There was a display of 13 British manufactured cars and motorbikes worth £1.3 million. In a surprise guest appearance, Tomoyasu Hotei played his signature tune from "Kill Bill". The garden marquee provided a special Jubilee menu of the finest British food and drink. The event was featured on Japan's premier evening and breakfast news shows, reaching an estimated audience of 21.5 million viewers.[221] Mexico A series of events were held in Mexico City to celebrate the Queen's Diamond Jubilee. The British Embassy held a reception showcasing British brands, the BBC provided Diamond Jubilee programming, and Wedgewood and Twinings set up a British Tea House experience. The reception was attended by over 1000 guests and the Ambassador gave a number of interviews around the Jubilee and events both in the UK and Mexico.[221] United Arab Emirates In the UAE, a number of events were held to celebrate the Queen's Diamond Jubilee. In Abu Dhabi, the British Embassy held a 'Great British Car Rally', the first of its kind in the UAE. The Rally, which was organised by the Embassy and the Yas Marina Circuit, started at the Embassy in Abu Dhabi at 6pm, and travelled along Abu Dhabi's Corniche en route to the Yas Marina Circuit, where the participants first did a loop of the F1 race track before mixing and mingling at a reception at the Circuit's main pit garages. At the reception, the guests were shown the Rolls-Royce that the Queen travelled in during her first visit to the UAE in 1979.[221] Various glimpses of the Great British Car Rally Great British Car Rally - A rally fit for a Queen (7179408781).jpg Great British Car Rally - A rally fit for a Queen (7179409213).jpg Great British Car Rally - A rally fit for a Queen (7179411171).jpg Great British Car Rally - A rally fit for a Queen (7364639876).jpg The Embassy in Dubai opened up its lawns up to the British and International community who then picnicked there. The people also saw the live transmission of the Diamond Jubilee Pageant down the River Thames.[221] The Dubai Offshore Sailing Club held a "Jubilee Pursuit Race", to mark the Queen's Jubilee.[227] United States President Obama's message for the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II In a video message, President Obama offered the Queen the "heartfelt congratulations of the American people" on the occasion of her Diamond Jubilee, and said that the Queen was a "living witness" to the power of the special relationship between the US and UK, and the "chief source of its resilience." He added, "May the light of Your Majesty’s crown continue to reign supreme for many years to come".[228] In New York City, around 700 people were invited to run through Central Park for six kilometers, one for every decade of her reign on 31 May.[229] The run raised $14,000 for two charities: St. George's Society and Disabled Sports USA. Sex and the City star Kim Cattrall started the race and the music was provided by a Beatles tribute band.[221] Uzbekistan The British Embassy in Tashkent, Uzbekistan celebrated the Queen's Diamond Jubilee with a Big Jubilee Lunch on 1 June 2012.[229] The Embassy also used the example of the Queen to engage with businesswomen, who were having an increasingly important impact on the Uzbek economy but remain unrecognised.[221]
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